{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T15:02:16Z","timestamp":1787238136918,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]],"date-time":"2023-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The aim of this study were to compare the cervical ROM data obtained from accelerometer exams between patients suffering from TMDs (study group) and healthy patients (control group). Material and Methods: A sample of 43 young adult subjects (23 control subjects and 20 TMD patients) were included in this study and analyzed with the accelerometer (Baiobit\u2122, BTS, Garbagnate Milanese, Milan, Italy) to assess cervical ROM using a standardized protocol, including the following occlusal conditions: mandibular rest position, clenching, clenching with cotton rolls, maximal intercuspation, and mandibular position with cotton rolls. The cervical ROM was measured in degrees and expressed as the mean and standard deviation. Results: TMD patients showed a reduced cervical extension compared to control subjects in all the conditions, with statistically significant relevance. Regarding the other movements, the differences were not statistically or clinically significant. Conclusions: Based on the results of the present study, it can be observed that temporomandibular disorders are associated with a decreased cervical extension range, while the remaining components of ROM do not seem to be significantly associated. The use of accelerometers in ROM analysis could be helpful in improving interdisciplinary communication between dentists and physiotherapists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]],"date-time":"2023-12-25T03:42:12Z","timestamp":1703475732000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of Cervical Range of Motion in Subjects Affected by Temporomandibular Disorders: A Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3651-1251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Nota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1992-9146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pittari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Public Health, Life and Environmental Sciences (MeSVA), University of L\u2019Aquila, 24100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia Claudia","family":"Lannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Vaghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa","family":"Calugi Benvenuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2986-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Tecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental School, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and Department of Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Armijo Olivo, S.L.A. (2010). Relationship between Cervical Musculoskeletal Impairments and Temporomandibular Disorders: Clinical and Electromyographic Variables. [Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-21-629","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of the mouth opening movement of temporomandibular joint disorder patients according to disc position using computer vision: A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Jeon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"254","article-title":"Role of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) in Facial Pain: Occlusion, Muscle and TMJ Pain","volume":"17","author":"Rauhala","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cranio J. Craniomandib. Sleep Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03710-w","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular joint disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Valesan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12803","article-title":"Prevalence of temporomandibular disorder pain, jaw noises and oral behaviours in an adult Italian population sample","volume":"46","author":"Iodice","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_63_18","article-title":"Radiographic features associated with temporomandibular joint disorders among African, White, Chinese, Hispanic, and Indian racial groups","volume":"21","author":"Obamiyi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D.T.S., and Leung, Y.Y. (2021). Temporomandibular disorders: Current concepts and controversies in diagnosis and management. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202102.0400.v1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2023.10.004","article-title":"Assessment of condylar anatomy and degenerative changes in temporomandibular joint disorders\u2014A scoping review","volume":"13","author":"Almpani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Robertson, C.E., and Benarroch, E.E. (2023). Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Barkhordarian, A., Chiappelli, F., and Demerjian, G.G. (2018). Temporomandibular Joint and Airway Disorders: A Translational Perspective, Springer."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"7","article-title":"Research on The Vascular-Nervous Constituents Of The Stomatognathic System and Their Implication in Local Clinical Disfunctions","volume":"20","author":"Iordache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rom. J. Funct. Clin. Macro Microsc. Anat. Anthropol. Rev. Rom\u00e2na Anat. Funct. Clin. Macro Microsc. Antropol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12527","article-title":"An electromyographic study on the sequential recruitment of bilateral sternocleidomastoid and masseter muscle activity during gum chewing","volume":"44","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2015.1030767","article-title":"Effect of natural mediotrusive contact on electromyographic activity of jaw and cervical muscles during chewing","volume":"73","author":"Fuentes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e48250","article-title":"Evaluating the Plantar Pressure Loading and Its Correlation to Craniocervical Posture in Subjects With Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Before and After Surgical Mandibular Advancement","volume":"15","author":"Parameswaran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_459_22","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of cervical spine posture in class II division i patients treated with twin block appliances, forsus appliances, and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy: A cephalometric study","volume":"14","author":"Krishna","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26243-6","article-title":"Cephalometric assessment regarding craniocervical posture in orthodontic patients","volume":"12","author":"Alexa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4805834","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders: Physical tests in diagnosis","volume":"160","author":"Solberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/19.1.103-a","article-title":"Orofacial Pain: Guidelines for Assessment, Diagnosis, and Management (1996). Jeffrey, P. Okeson (Ed.). Publisher: Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc., Chicago, USA. Price: 22.00. ISBN: 0-86715-312-1","volume":"19","author":"Firestone","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grant, R.N., and Mckenzie, R.A. (1994). Physical Therapy of the Cervical and Thoracic Spine, Churchill Livingstone.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(10)60177-0"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walczy\u0144ska-Dragon, K., Baron, S., Nitecka-Buchta, A., and Tkacz, E. (2014). Correlation between TMD and cervical spine pain and mobility: Is the whole body balance TMJ related?. Biomed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/582414"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.29.4.h22m675275041q01","article-title":"Correlation between signs of temporomandibular (TMD) and cervical spine (CSD) disorders in asthmatic children","volume":"29","author":"Chaves","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiesinger, B., Malker, H., Englund, E., and W\u00e4nman, A. (2009). Does a dose-response relation exist between spinal pain and temporomandibular disorders?. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-10-28"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2016.12.005","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders and painful comorbidities: Clinical association and underlying mechanisms","volume":"123","author":"Costa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"93","article-title":"The biomechanical and functional relationship between temporomandibular dysfunction and cervical spine pain","volume":"13","author":"Baron","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silveira, A., Gadotti, I.C., Armijo-Olivo, S., Biasotto-Gonzalez, D.A., and Magee, D. (2015). Jaw dysfunction is associated with neck disability and muscle tenderness in subjects with and without chronic temporomandibular disorders. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/512792"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2016.06.007","article-title":"Does altered mandibular position and dental occlusion influence upper cervical movement: A cross\u2013sectional study in asymptomatic people","volume":"27","author":"Grondin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Musculoskelet. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00784-1","article-title":"A novel use of inertial sensors to measure the craniocervical flexion range of motion associated to the craniocervical flexion test: An observational study","volume":"17","author":"Olivo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345760550042401","article-title":"Relations Between Occlusal Interference and Jaw Muscle Activities in Response to Changes in Head Position","volume":"55","author":"Funakoshi","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"5","article-title":"Postural reflexes in cranial muscles in man","volume":"77","author":"Bratzlavsky","year":"1977","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90161-H","article-title":"Contribution of central neuroplasticity to pathological pain: Review of clinical and experimental evidence","volume":"52","author":"Coderre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903030313","article-title":"Trigeminal primary afferent projections to, D.M.R. \u201cnon-trigeminal\u201d areas of the rat central nervous system","volume":"303","author":"Marfurt","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"85","article-title":"The Effect of Vertical Dimension and Mandibular Position on Isometric Strength of the Cervical Flexors","volume":"17","author":"Mehta","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cranio J. Craniomandib. Sleep Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"34","article-title":"Occlusione e postura: Quali le evidenze di correlazione?","volume":"525","author":"Michelotti","year":"1999","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.04.006","article-title":"Assessment of thickness and function of masticatory and cervical muscles in adults with and without temporomandibular disorders","volume":"58","author":"Strini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.11.017","article-title":"Cervical vertebral column morphology and head posture in preorthodontic patients with anterior open bite","volume":"145","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9416(83)90299-3","article-title":"Adaptation of head posture in response to relocating the center of mass: A pilot study","volume":"83","author":"Vig","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"29","article-title":"Influence of the mandibular position on the active cervical range of motion of healthy subjects analyzed using an accelerometer","volume":"36","author":"Baldini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cranio J. Craniomandib. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nota, A., Pittari, L., Gamba, L., Monticciolo, F.M., Lannes, A., Carta, C., Beraldi, A., Baldini, A., Marzo, G., and Tecco, S. (2023). Cervical Range of Motion Analysis Performed with an Accelerometer: A Study of Intersession Reliability for Dental Practice. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11101428"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-10-69","article-title":"Reliability and criterion validity of two applications of the iPhoneTM to measure cervical range of motion in healthy participants","volume":"10","author":"Boutin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-11-65","article-title":"Validity and intra-rater reliability of an Android phone application to measure cervical range-of-motion","volume":"11","author":"Quek","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nota, A., Ryakhovsky, A.N., Bosco, F., and Tecco, S. (2021). A full digitalworkflow to design and mill a splint for a patient with temporomandibular joint disorder. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11010372"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tecco, S., Nota, A., Pittari, L., Clerici, C., Mangano, F., and Gherlone, E.F. (2023). Full-Digital Workflow for TMDs Management: A Case Series. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060790"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"9","article-title":"Upper cervical range of motion is impaired in patients with temporomandibular disorders","volume":"33","author":"Grondin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cranio J. Craniomandib. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.01.029","article-title":"\u2018Modular organization of the head retraction responses elicited by electrical painful stimulation of the facial skin in humans","volume":"126","author":"Serrao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yap, A.U., Kim, S., Lee, B., Jo, J.H., and Park, J.W. (J. Oral Rehabil., 2023). Correlates of jaw functional limitation, somatization and psychological distress among different temporomandibular disorder diagnostic subtypes, J. Oral Rehabil., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13606"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-023-00847-6","article-title":"Prevalence of anxiety, sleep bruxism and temporomandibular disorders during COVID-19 in Qatari children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study","volume":"24","author":"Nazzal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.1987.0231","article-title":"Craniocervical dysfunction levels in a patient sample from a temporomandibular joint clinic","volume":"115","author":"Clark","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/003655099444687","article-title":"Association of neck pain with symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction in the general adult population","volume":"31","author":"Ciancaglini","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rehabil. Med."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/1\/37\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:41:29Z","timestamp":1760132489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/1\/37"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60010037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60010037","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,25]]}}}