{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:29:49Z","timestamp":1790792989121,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by interocular suppression of visual input, affecting visual acuity, stereopsis, contrast sensitivity, and other visual functions. Conventional treatment comprises occlusion of the sound eye. In recent years, novel therapies that deploy perceptual learning (PL) principles have been introduced. The purpose of this study is to assess the latest scientific data on this topic. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, we conducted a literature search for relevant studies published during the previous 4 years (2020\u20132023). Results: A plethora of visual perceptual learning protocols have been recently developed. Dichoptic video games, contrast rebalanced movies, and online perceptual training platforms are the main formats. Perceptual learning activates neuroplasticity, overcomes interocular suppression, and improves the visual impairments induced by amblyopia. Conclusions: This novel treatment is effective in both children and adults, as well as in patients non-responding to patching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T05:43:15Z","timestamp":1703655795000},"page":"48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Current Developments in the Management of Amblyopia with the Use of Perceptual Learning Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos T","family":"Tsaousis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Volos, 382 22 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Mousteris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Volos, 382 22 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasilios","family":"Diakonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Ophthalmology Department, Metropolitan Hospital, 185 47 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7150-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios","family":"Chaloulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Hospital of Volos, 382 22 Volos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0938.2005.tb05102.x","article-title":"Amblyopia: Prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment","volume":"88","author":"Webber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.11.001","article-title":"Amblyopia and binocular vision","volume":"33","author":"Birch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120438","article-title":"Reading difficulties in amblyopia: Consequence of visual sensory and oculomotor dysfunction","volume":"442","author":"Bhutada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2020.56","article-title":"A systematic review of Amblyopia prevalence among the children of the world","volume":"64","author":"Mostafaie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rom. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, J., Wang, W., Li, J., Wang, Y., Hu, X., Feng, L., Ye, Q., Luo, Y., Zhu, Z., and Li, J. (2022). Effects of Perceptual Learning on Deprivation Amblyopia in Children with Limbal Dermoid: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11071879"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.3109\/08820538.2013.825289","article-title":"Deprivation amblyopia and congenital hereditary cataract","volume":"28","author":"Mansouri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000657","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2020-000657","article-title":"Efficacy of vision-based treatments for children and teens with amblyopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"6","author":"Brin","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2010.10.004","article-title":"The clinical profile of amblyopia in children younger than 3 years of age","volume":"14","author":"Birch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (2002). The clinical profile of moderate amblyopia in children younger than 7 years. Arch. Ophthalmol., 120, 281\u2013287.","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.3.281"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.15.21","article-title":"Reach Kinematics During Binocular Viewing in 7- to 12-Year-Old Children With Strabismus","volume":"62","author":"Kelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E016","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523817000232","article-title":"Cortical correlates of amblyopia","volume":"35","author":"Kiorpes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89064-z","article-title":"Scaffolding depth cues and perceptual learning in VR to train stereovision: A proof of concept pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Godinez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000914","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjophth-2021-000914","article-title":"Reasons why we might want to question the use of patching to treat amblyopia as well as the reliance on visual acuity as the primary outcome measure","volume":"7","author":"Hess","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12123","article-title":"Binocular vision in amblyopia: Structure, suppression and plasticity","volume":"34","author":"Hess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmic. Physiol. Opt."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E014","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523817000219","article-title":"Critical periods in amblyopia","volume":"35","author":"Hensch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thompson, B., Concetta Morrone, M., Bex, P., Lozama, A., and Sabel, B.A. (2023). Harnessing brain plasticity to improve binocular vision in amblyopia: An evidence-based update. Eur. J. Ophthalmol.","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231187426"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860620","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.860620","article-title":"Measuring the impact of suppression on visual acuity in children with amblyopia using a dichoptic visual acuity chart","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.12.11","article-title":"Binocular Integration of Perceptually Suppressed Visual Information in Amblyopia","volume":"62","author":"Chow","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4169","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7233","article-title":"The role of suppression in amblyopia","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.2.33","article-title":"Effect of Viewing Conditions on Fixation Eye Movements and Eye Alignment in Amblyopia","volume":"63","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0509-21.2022","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0509-21.2022","article-title":"Rapid alternate monocular deprivation does not affect binocular balance and correlation in human adults","volume":"9","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2022.120373","article-title":"Amblyopia and fixation eye movements","volume":"441","author":"Ghasia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.08.002","article-title":"An updated review about perceptual learning as a treatment for amblyopia","volume":"15","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2021.1893765","article-title":"Emerging therapies for amblyopia","volume":"36","author":"Falcone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9660","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13747-4","article-title":"Perceptual learning with dichoptic attention tasks improves attentional modulation in V1 and IPS and reduces interocular suppression in human amblyopia","volume":"12","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14969","article-title":"Effects of altered-reality training on interocular disinhibition in amblyopia","volume":"1522","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leal Vega, L., Pi\u00f1ero, D.P., Hern\u00e1ndez Rodr\u00edguez, C.J., Mart\u00edn, A.M., Morales-Quezada, L., \u00c1lvarez, A.I.V., Lara, J.F.A., and Mart\u00edn, M.B.C. (2022). Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of the NEIVATECH virtual reality system to improve visual function in children with anisometropic amblyopia. BMC Ophthalmol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02466-z"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2022.05.17","article-title":"A randomized study of network-based perception learning in the treatment of amblyopia children","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e051423","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-051423","article-title":"Phase 2a randomised controlled feasibility trial of a new \u2018balanced binocular viewing\u2019 treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children age 3-8 years: Trial protocol","volume":"12","author":"Greenwood","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y.T., Lin, H.J., Liao, W.L., Tsai, Y.Y., and Hsieh, Y.C. (2022). Effects of Vision Therapy on Bilateral Amblyopia Unresponsive to Conventional Treatment: A Retrospective Comparative Study. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020205"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2022.101829","article-title":"A novel method for utilizing dichoptic attention tasks in amblyopic training","volume":"9","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milla, M., Molina-Mart\u00edn, A., and Pi\u00f1ero, D.P. (2022). Long-Term Efficacy of the Combination of Active Vision Therapy and Occlusion in Children with Strabismic and Anisometropic Amblyopia. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9071012"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1733_21","article-title":"Comparison of the effectiveness of amblyopia treatment with eye-patch and binocular Occlu-tab for the same treatment duration","volume":"70","author":"Handa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTO.S385845","article-title":"The Effect of Home-Based Dichoptic Therapy on Young Adults with Non-Strabismic Anisometropic Amblyopia on Stereo Acuity","volume":"14","author":"Ojiabo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Optom."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826724","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2826724","article-title":"The Study of Short-Term Plastic Visual Perceptual Training Based on Virtual and Augmented Reality Technology in Amblyopia","volume":"2022","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/joco.joco_101_21","article-title":"Anaglyphic Three-Dimensional Movie: A Simple Binocular Method to Treat Anisometropic or Strabismic Amblyopia in Adults","volume":"34","author":"Mirmohammadsadeghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Curr. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez, C.J., Fukumitsu, H., Ruiz-Fortes, P., Soto-Negro, R., Merino-Su\u00e1rez, M., and Pi\u00f1ero, D.P. (2021). Efficacy of Perceptual Learning-Based Vision Training as an Adjuvant to Occlusion Therapy in the Management of Amblyopia: A Pilot Study. Vision, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/vision5010015"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17281","article-title":"Characteristics and predictive factors of visual function improvements after monocular perceptual learning in amblyopia","volume":"9","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e423","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14595","article-title":"Effect of dichoptic video game treatment on mild amblyopia\u2014A pilot study","volume":"99","author":"Pang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-08010-9","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of streaming dichoptic movies versus patching for treatment of amblyopia in children aged 3 to 7 years","volume":"12","author":"Jost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iwata, Y., Handa, T., and Ishikawa, H. (2022). Comparison of Amblyopia Treatment Effect with Dichoptic Method Using Polarizing Film and Occlusion Therapy Using an Eye Patch. Children, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/children9091285"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0000000000001867","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Binocular Dig Rush Game Treatment for Amblyopia in Children Aged 4 to 6 Years","volume":"99","author":"Manny","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20200306-01","article-title":"Short-term Perceptual Learning Game Does Not Improve Patching-Resistant Amblyopia in Older Children","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20220627-02","article-title":"Comparison of Dichoptic Therapy Versus Occlusion Therapy in Children With Anisometropic Amblyopia: A Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"60","author":"Roy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00edn-Gonz\u00e1lez, S., Portela-Camino, J., Ruiz-Alcocer, J., Illarramendi-Mendicute, I., and Garrido-Mercado, R. (2020). Stereoacuity Improvement using Random-Dot Video Games. J. Vis. Exp., e60236.","DOI":"10.3791\/60236"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.6.4","article-title":"Dichoptic Perceptual Training in Children With Amblyopia With or Without Patching History","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-021-05193-1","article-title":"Barriers to successful dichoptic treatment for amblyopia in young children","volume":"259","author":"Kadhum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Graefes. Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molina-Mart\u00edn, A., Leal-Vega, L., de Fez, D., Mart\u00ednez-Plaza, E., Coco-Mart\u00edn, M.B., and Pi\u00f1ero, D.P. (2023). Amblyopia Treatment through Immersive Virtual Reality: A Preliminary Experience in Anisometropic Children. Vision, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/vision7020042"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2020.11.022","article-title":"Digital therapeutic improves visual acuity and encourages high adherence in amblyopic children in open-label pilot study","volume":"25","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kadhum, A., Tan, E.T.C., Fronius, M., Baart, S.J., Levi, D.M., Joosse, M.V., Simonsz, H.J., and Loudon, S.E. (2023). Supervised dichoptic gaming versus monitored occlusion therapy for childhood amblyopia: Effectiveness and efficiency. Acta Ophthalmol.","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15674"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13947-y","article-title":"Fixation instability, astigmatism, and lack of stereopsis as factors impeding recovery of binocular balance in amblyopia following binocular therapy","volume":"12","author":"Barboni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2022.10.020","article-title":"An Eye-Tracking-Based Dichoptic Home Treatment for Amblyopia: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"130","author":"Kushner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdal, M.O., Bhombal, F., Nankani, G.J., Nankani, S.G., Lad, S., Dholam, A., Kumari, R., Mahajan, J., and Pi\u00f1ero, D.P. (2022). Evaluation of the Efficacy of a New Dichoptic Digital Platform to Treat the Anisometropic and Isometropic Amblyopia. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12070815"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4103\/tjo.tjo_37_21","article-title":"Binocular therapy as primary intervention in adults with anisometropic amblyopia","volume":"12","author":"Murali","year":"2021","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treatment of Anisometropic Amblyopia with a Dichoptic Digital Platform in Argentinian Children and Adults","volume":"2","author":"Picotti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1184_19","article-title":"Effectiveness of combined dichoptic therapy, binocular vision therapy, and part-time patching for the management of amblyopia in adults","volume":"68","author":"Bhombal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3630","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_852_22","article-title":"Perceptual learning with hand\u2014Eye coordination as an effective tool for managing amblyopia: A prospective study","volume":"70","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poltavski, D., Adams, R.J., Biberdorf, D., and Patrie, J.T. (2023). Effectiveness of a Novel Video Game Platform in the Treatment of Pediatric Amblyopia. J. Pediatr. Ophthalmol. Strabismus., 1\u201310.","DOI":"10.3928\/01913913-20230324-01"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lan, F.F., Zhao, W.X., and Gan, L. (2023). Evaluation of visual plasticity in patients with refractive amblyopia treated using a visual perceptual learning system. Technol. Health Care.","DOI":"10.3233\/THC-230183"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1080\/08820538.2023.2223275","article-title":"A Prospective Trial to Assess the Efficacy of Eye-Tracking-Based Binocular Treatment versus Patching for Children\u2019s Amblyopia: A Pilot Study","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, Y.C., Liao, W.L., Tsai, Y.Y., and Lin, H.J. (2022). Efficacy of vision therapy for unilateral refractive amblyopia in children aged 7-10\u2009years. BMC Ophthalmol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-022-02246-9"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.1.6","article-title":"Contrast Sensitivity and Stereoacuity in Successfully Treated Refractive Amblyopia","volume":"63","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-2022-14","article-title":"The impact of autostereoscopic screens on assessing depth perception","volume":"10","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.4262","article-title":"Effect of a Binocular iPad Game vs Part-time Patching in Children Aged 5 to 12 Years With Amblyopia: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"134","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optom.2020.03.001","article-title":"Predictive factors for the perceptual learning in stereodeficient subjects","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Optom."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maniglia, M. (2022). Perspectives on the Combined Use of Electric Brain Stimulation and Perceptual Learning in Vision. Vision, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/vision6020033"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28975","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028975","article-title":"Binocular treatment for individual with amblyopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2023.06.009","article-title":"Risk of recurrence after cessation of dichoptic, binocular treatment of amblyopia","volume":"27","author":"Jost","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. AAPOS"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/1\/48\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:42:34Z","timestamp":1760132554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/1\/48"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60010048"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60010048","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]}}}