{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T06:25:12Z","timestamp":1787898312082,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":159,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]],"date-time":"2024-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), including depression, anxiety, apathy, visual hallucinations, and impulse control disorders, are very common during the course of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), occurring even at the prodromal and premotor stages. Mild behavioral impairment (MBI) represents a recently described neurobehavioral syndrome, characterized by the emergence of persistent and impactful NPS in later life, reflecting arisk of dementia. Accumulating evidence suggests that MBI is highly prevalent in non-demented patients with PD, also being associated with an advanced disease stage, more severe motor deficits, as well as global and multiple-domain cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging studies have revealed that MBI in patients with PD may be related todistinct patterns of brain atrophy, altered neuronal connectivity, and distribution of dopamine transporter (DAT) depletion, shedding more light on its pathophysiological background. Genetic studies in PD patients have also shown that specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be associated with MBI, paving the way for future research in this field. In this review, we summarize and critically discuss the emerging evidence on the frequency, associated clinical and genetic factors, as well as neuroanatomical and neurophysiological correlates of MBI in PD, aiming to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology and its potential role as an early \u201cmarker\u201d of cognitive decline, particularly in this population. In addition, we aim to identify research gaps, and propose novel relative areas of interest that could aid in our better understanding of the relationship of this newly defined diagnostic entity with PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60010115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T03:49:04Z","timestamp":1704685744000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mild Behavioral Impairment in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: An Updated Review on the Clinical, Genetic, Neuroanatomical, and Pathophysiological Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-3384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthalia","family":"Angelopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3006-8711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Bougea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Hatzimanolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonidas","family":"Stefanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6453-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Scarmeas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sokratis","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.12.2143","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the elderly: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"45","author":"Breteler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4261","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease and its progression onto dementia: A 16-year outcome evaluation of the Denbighshire cohort","volume":"30","author":"Hobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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