{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:32:18Z","timestamp":1787653938703,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2022R21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2022R21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Low-birth-weight (LBW) neonates are at increased risk of morbidity and mortality which are inversely proportional to birth weight, while macrosomic babies are at risk of birth injuries and other related complications. Many maternal risk factors were associated with the extremes of birthweight. The objectives of this study are to investigate maternal risk factors for low and high birthweight and to report on the neonatal complications associated with abnormal birth weights. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of medical records of deliveries \u2265 23 weeks. We classified the included participants according to birth weight into normal birth weight (NBW), LBW, very LBW (VLBW), and macrosomia. The following maternal risk factors were included, mother\u2019s age, parity, maternal body mass index (BMI), maternal diabetes, and hypertension. The neonatal outcomes were APGAR scores &lt; 7, admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), respiratory distress (RD), and hyperbilirubinemia. Data were analyzed using SAS Studio, multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the independent effect of maternal risk factors on birthweight categories and results were reported as an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results: A total of 1855 were included in the study. There were 1638 neonates (88.3%) with NBW, 153 (8.2%) with LBW, 27 (1.5%) with VLBW, and 37 (2.0%) with macrosomia. LBW was associated with maternal hypertension (aOR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.62\u20137.63), while increasing gestational age was less likely associated with LBW (aOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.46\u20130.57). Macrosomia was associated with maternal diabetes (aOR = 3.75, 95% CI = 1.67\u20138.41), in addition to maternal obesity (aOR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.24\u20138.14). The odds of VLBW were reduced significantly with increasing gestational age (aOR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.32\u20130.53). In total, 81.5% of VLBW neonates were admitted to the NICU, compared to 47.7% of LBW and 21.6% of those with macrosomia. RD was diagnosed in 59.3% of VLBW neonates, in 23% of LBW, in 2.7% of macrosomic and in 3% of normal-weight neonates. Hyperbilirubinemia was reported in 37.04%, 34.21%, 22.26%, and 18.92% of VLBW, LBW, NBW, and macrosomic newborns, respectively. Conclusions: Most neonates in this study had normal birthweights. Maternal hypertension and lower gestational age were associated with increased risk of LBW. Additionally, maternal obesity and diabetes increased the risk of macrosomia. Neonatal complications were predominantly concentrated in the LBW and VLBW, with a rising gradient as birthweight decreased. The main complications included respiratory distress and NICU admissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T04:17:40Z","timestamp":1705983460000},"page":"193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neonatal Birthweight Spectrum: Maternal Risk Factors and Pregnancy Outcomes in Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Hayfaa","family":"Wahabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hala","family":"Elmorshedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 5424041, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4097-2317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser S.","family":"Amer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Clinical Practice Guidelines and Quality Research Unit, Corporate Quality Management Department, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3894-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elshazaly","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prince Abdulla Bin Khaled Coeliac Disease Research Chair, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Razak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim Abdelaziz","family":"Hamama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Hadid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9173-2669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samia","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah A.","family":"Aleban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reema Abdullah","family":"Aldawish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara Sabri","family":"Alyahiwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8064-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haya Abdullah","family":"Alnafisah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghad E.","family":"AlSubki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norah Khalid","family":"Albahli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9834-0765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aljohara Ayed","family":"Almutairi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Layan Fahad","family":"Alsanad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3395-0486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amel","family":"Fayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences 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