{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T23:58:50Z","timestamp":1794355130063,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1F1A1060798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1F1A1060798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is an early stage of dementia in which everyday tasks can be maintained; however, notable challenges may occur in memory, focus, and problem-solving skills. Therefore, motor-cognitive dual-task training is warranted to prevent cognitive decline and improve cognition in aging populations. This study aimed to determine the influence of such dual-task activities during straight and curved walking on the activities of the prefrontal cortex and associated gait variables in older adults with MCI. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven older adults aged \u226565 years and identified as having MCI based on their scores (18\u201323) on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination were enrolled. The participants performed four task scenarios in random order: walking straight, walking straight with a cognitive task, walking curved, and walking curved with a cognitive task. The activation of the prefrontal cortex, which is manifested by a change in the level of oxyhemoglobin, was measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The gait speed and step count were recorded during the task performance. Results: Significant differences were observed in prefrontal cortex activation and gait variables (p &lt; 0.05). Specifically, a substantial increase was observed in prefrontal cortex activation during a dual task compared with that during a resting-state (p &lt; 0.013). Additionally, significant variations were noted in the gait speed and step count (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: This study directly demonstrates the impact of motor-cognitive dual-task training on prefrontal cortex activation in older adults with MCI, suggesting the importance of including such interventions in enhancing cognitive function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:11:27Z","timestamp":1706515887000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Comparison of the Influence of Dual-Task Activities on Prefrontal Activation and Gait Variables in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment during Straight and Curved Walking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Yumin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1255-7792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jihye","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of SMART Rehabilitation, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6538-3872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunjoong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromusculoskeletal Science Laboratory, 15 Gangnam-daero 84-gil, Seoul 06232, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0413-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungwon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of SMART Rehabilitation, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Kim, M., Gwak, J., Lee, J.J., Choi, K.Y., Lee, K.H., and Kim, J.G. (2019). Investigation of Brain Functional Connectivity in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study. J. Biophotonics, 12.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201800298"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo, D.K., Jang, T.S., and Kwon, J.W. (2021). Effects of Dual-Task Training on Gait Parameters in Elderly Patients with Mild Dementia. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9111444"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1089\/g4h.2020.0086","article-title":"The Effectiveness of a Virtual Reality-Based Intervention on Cognitive Functions in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"10","author":"Torpil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Games Health J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799732","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.799732","article-title":"Assessment of Brain Function in Patients with Cognitive Impairment Based on fNIRS and Gait Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.08.026","article-title":"Dual-Task Complexity Affects Gait in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment: The Interplay between Gait Variability, Dual Tasking, and Risk of Falls","volume":"93","author":"Muir","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20080121","article-title":"Walking Skill Can Be Assessed in Older Adults: Validity of the Figure-of-8 Walk Test","volume":"90","author":"Hess","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20100372","article-title":"Associations between Physical Performance and Executive Function in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: Gait Speed and the Timed \u201cup & Go\u201d Test","volume":"91","author":"McGough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doi, T., Shimada, H., Makizako, H., Tsutsumimoto, K., Uemura, K., Anan, Y., and Suzuki, T. (2014). Cognitive Function and Gait Speed under Normal and Dual-Task Walking among Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment. BMC Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-14-67"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.02.017","article-title":"Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy Reveals Decreased Resting Oxygenation Levels and Task-Related Oxygenation Changes in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review","volume":"124","author":"Yeung","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"096601","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/76\/9\/096601","article-title":"The Physics of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Fmri)","volume":"76","author":"Buxton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rep. Prog. Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2006.08.002","article-title":"The Role of Neuronal Signaling in Controlling Cerebral Blood Flow","volume":"102","author":"Drake","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00724","article-title":"Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Clinical Application in the Field of Neuroscience: Advances and Future Directions","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22689","article-title":"Toward Systems Neuroscience in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Meta-Analysis of 75 Fmri Studies","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-021-01057-7","article-title":"Systematic Review of Different Neuroimaging Correlates in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"31","author":"Talwar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000000852","article-title":"Effects of Task Language and Second-Language Proficiency on the Neural Correlates of Phonemic Fluency in Native Japanese Speakers: A Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study","volume":"28","author":"Wroblewski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2020.1812583","article-title":"Frontal Lobe Oxyhemoglobin Levels in Patients with Lower Extremity Burns Assessed Using a Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy Device during Usual Walking: A Pilot Study","volume":"24","author":"Joo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Biomech. Biomed. Engin"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtzer, R., and Izzetoglu, M. (2020). Mild Cognitive Impairments Attenuate Prefrontal Cortex Activations during Walking in Older Adults. Brain Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10070415"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.31.550","article-title":"Observing Brain Function Via Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy during Cognitive Program Training (Dual Task) in Young People","volume":"31","author":"Techayusukcharoen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Ther. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oboshi, Y., Kikuchi, M., Shimizu, Y., Yoshimura, Y., Hiraishi, H., Okada, H., Magata, Y., and Ouchi, Y. (2014). Pre-Task Prefrontal Activation during Cognitive Processes in Aging: A near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098779"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2020.10.010","article-title":"Cognitive and Physical Impact of Cognitive-Motor Dual-Task Training in Cognitively Impaired Older Adults: An Overview","volume":"50","author":"Mandigout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurophysiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leyland, L.A., Spencer, B., Beale, N., Jones, T., and van Reekum, C.M. (2019). The Effect of Cycling on Cognitive Function and Well-Being in Older Adults. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0211779"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.19.05899-4","article-title":"Using Virtual Reality-Based Training to Improve Cognitive Function, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Neural Efficiency in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"56","author":"Liao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01262-y","article-title":"Individual and Combined Effects of a Cognitive Task, Light Finger Touch, and Vision on Standing Balance in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"32","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2011.12.007","article-title":"Contributions of Cognitive Function to Straight- and Curved-Path Walking in Older Adults","volume":"93","author":"Lowry","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belluscio, V., Casti, G., Ferrari, M., Quaresima, V., Sappia, M.S., Horschig, J.M., and Vannozzi, G. (2021). Modifications in Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation in Linear and Curvilinear Dual Task Walking: A Combined fNIRS and Imus Study. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21186159"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2018.06.118","article-title":"The Effect of Walking Path Configuration on Gait in Adults with Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia","volume":"64","author":"Hunter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbmt.2022.02.001","article-title":"Accuracy of the Figure of 8 Walk Test with and without Dual-Task to Predict Falls in Older Adults","volume":"30","author":"Nualyong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (Strobe) Statement: Guidelines for Reporting Observational Studies","volume":"335","author":"Altman","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.13066\/kspm.2019.14.1.75","article-title":"Impact of a Fall-Prevention Exercise Program on Balance, Gait, Lower Limb Strength, and Psychosocial Characteristics in Older Adults with Dementia","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Phys. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"23","article-title":"Effects of Cognitive-Physical Dual-Task Training on Activity in Prefrontal Cortex and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living of Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"9","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Cogn. Rehab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2021.104427","article-title":"The Association between White Matter Hyperintensity Volume and Gait Performance under Single and Dual Task Conditions in Older People with Dementia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"95","author":"Hairu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahman, H.B., Cedervall, Y., Kilander, L., Giedraitis, V., Berglund, L., McKee, K.J., Rosendahl, E., Ingelsson, M., and Aberg, A.C. (2020). Dual-Task Tests Discriminate between Dementia, Mild Cognitive Impairment, Subjective Cognitive Impairment, and Healthy Controls\u2014A Cross-Sectional Cohort Study. BMC Geriatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-020-01645-1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-013-0119-5","article-title":"Brain Activation during Dual-Task Walking and Executive Function among Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A fNIRS Study","volume":"25","author":"Doi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201163","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Resting-State for Mild Cognitive Impairment Detection: A Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Deep Learning Approach","volume":"80","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.14371\/QIH.2020.26.1.2","article-title":"Effect of Rotation Curved Walking Training on Balance Confidence and Falls Efficacy in Early Stroke Patients: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"26","author":"Joo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Qual. Improv. Health Care"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034983","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1034983","article-title":"Forecasting Unplanned Purchase Behavior under Buy-One Get-One-Free Promotions Using Functional near-Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"2022","author":"Bak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Comput. Intell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-019-01255-x","article-title":"Reliability, Validity and Minimal Detectable Change of 2-Min Walk Test and 10-M Walk Test in Frail Older Adults Receiving Day Care and Residential Care","volume":"32","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1519\/JPT.0b013e318248e20d","article-title":"Assessing the Reliability and Validity of a Shorter Walk Test Compared with the 10-Meter Walk Test for Measurements of Gait Speed in Healthy, Older Adults","volume":"36","author":"Peters","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.21097\/ksw.2019.02.14.1.399","article-title":"The Investigation of Reliability in Mobile Application Pedometer","volume":"14","author":"Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"492","article-title":"Prefrontal Cortical Activation in Internet Gaming Disorder Scale High Scorers during Actual Real-Time Internet Gaming: A Preliminary Study Using fNIRS","volume":"11","author":"Cho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Behav. Addict."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645209","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.645209","article-title":"The Role of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex for Speech and Language Processing","volume":"15","author":"Hertrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab231","article-title":"Shifts in Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex Activity from Adolescence to Adulthood","volume":"32","author":"Loh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2015.03.044","article-title":"The Role of the Frontopolar Cortex in Manipulation of Integrated Information in Working Memory","volume":"595","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592261","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.592261","article-title":"Dorsolateral Prefrontal Functional Connectivity Predicts Working Memory Training Gains","volume":"13","author":"Faraza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7845104","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7845104","article-title":"Neural Compensatory Response During Complex Cognitive Function Tasks in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A near-Infrared Spectroscopy Study","volume":"2019","author":"Yoon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00379-1","article-title":"Prefrontal Cortex Activation during Dual-Task Walking in Older Adults Is Moderated by Thickness of Several Cortical Regions","volume":"43","author":"Ross","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"704","article-title":"Clinical Assessment of Prefrontal Lobe Functions","volume":"24","author":"Stuss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuang, I.C., Chen, I.C., Su, K.H., Wu, Y.R., and Wu, C.Y. (2023). The Effects of High Versus Low Frequency of Combined Physical and Cognitive Training on Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Cognitive Decline: A Quasi-Experimental Study. BMC Geriatr., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-023-03802-8"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788395","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2022.788395","article-title":"Frontopolar Cortex Specializes for Manipulation of Structured Information","volume":"16","author":"Kroger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Syst. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11045","article-title":"Dual Cognitive Task Affects Reaching and Grasping Behavior in Subjects with Macular Disorders","volume":"54","author":"Pardhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, S.X., Hendy, A.M., Teo, W.P., Moran, J.T., Nuzum, N.D., and Pasco, J.A. (2022). A Review of the Measurement of the Neurology of Gait in Cognitive Dysfunction or Dementia, Focusing on the Application of fNIRS during Dual-Task Gait Assessment. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12080968"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.02.008","article-title":"Effects of Combined Cognitive and Exercise Interventions on Cognition in Older Adults with and without Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Law","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.13066\/kspm.2022.17.1.93","article-title":"The Correlation between Gait and Cognitive Function in Dual-Task Walking of the Elderly with Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"17","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Phys. Med."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/2\/235\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:51:14Z","timestamp":1760104274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/2\/235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60020235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60020235","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]]}}}