{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T23:47:03Z","timestamp":1788911223919,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diseases of the pericardium encompass a spectrum of conditions, including acute and recurrent pericarditis, where inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. Anti-inflammatory therapy indeed forms the cornerstone of treating these conditions: NSAIDs, colchicine, and corticosteroids (as a second-line treatment) are recommended by current guidelines. However, these medications come with several contraindications and are not devoid of adverse effects. In recent years, there has been an increased focus on the role of the inflammasome and potential therapeutic targets. Recurrent pericarditis also shares numerous characteristics with other autoinflammatory diseases, in which interleukin-1 antagonists have already been employed with good efficacy and safety. The objective of this review is to summarize the available studies on the use of anti-IL-1 drugs both in acute and recurrent pericarditis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T11:35:34Z","timestamp":1706614534000},"page":"241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Interleukin-1 Blockers in Recurrent and Acute Pericarditis: State of the Art and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5745-7202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Gallo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Massaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Camilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvino","family":"Di Francesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gerardino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2131-2110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Verrecchia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico Luca","family":"Sicignano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Landi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1560-3907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Manna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. Gemelli\u201d IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Montalto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario \u201cA. 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