{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:48:43Z","timestamp":1791946123678,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: In this study, we applied one-step real time rt-PCR technology type II INF signature to blood and nasopharyngeal (NPS) swabs of acute early recovery children &lt; 1 years hospitalized for bronchiolitis with laboratory-confirmed RSV infection. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational case\u2013control study was conducted in 2021\u20132022. The study took place in Children Hospital \u201cRegina Margherita\u201d, Torino Italy. The study included 66 infants, of which 30 patients were hospitalized for bronchiolitis due to RSV infection and 36 age-matched controls. Inclusion criteria included a positive RSV test for infants with bronchiolitis. We collected peripheral blood and nasopharyngeal swabs for relative quantification of type II Interferon signature by One-Step Multiplex PCR real time. Results: IFN levels were downregulated in the peripheral blood of bronchiolitis patients; these data were not confirmed in the nasopharyngeal swab. There was no correlation between NPS and the type II IFN score in peripheral blood. Conclusions: our study shows for the first time that type II IFN score was significant reduced in peripheral blood of infants with bronchiolitis by RSV compared to age-matched healthy controls; in the NPS swab this resulted downregulation was not statistically significant and the type II IFN score in the NPS swab can be used as marker of resolution of infection or improvement of clinical conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:24:08Z","timestamp":1706865848000},"page":"259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Nasopharyngeal and Peripheral Blood Type II Interferon Signature Evaluation in Infants during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-1016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Savino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Early Infancy Special Care Unit, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, A.O.U. Citt\u00e0 della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, 10136 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"BioMole srl, Via Quarello 15\/A, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, 10136 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Calvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, 10136 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Pau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, 10136 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Galliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, 10136 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gambarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, 10136 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"BioMole srl, Via Quarello 15\/A, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bergallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Laboratory, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, 10136 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"BioMole srl, Via Quarello 15\/A, 10135 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Unit, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0804877","article-title":"The burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in young children","volume":"360","author":"Hall","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30938-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national disease burden estimates of acute lower respiratory infections due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children in 2015: A systematic review and modelling study","volume":"390","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa751","article-title":"Risk Factors for Poor Outcome or Death in Young Children With Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"226","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0492-y","article-title":"Human respiratory syncytial virus and hospitalization in young children in Italy","volume":"44","author":"Kuhdari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ital. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2912","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.000959","article-title":"ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Pneumoviridae","volume":"98","author":"Rima","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peri, F., Lorenzon, B., Cason, C., Amaddeo, A., Norbedo, S., Comar, M., Barbi, E., and Cozzi, G. (2023). Urgent Hospitalizations Related to Viral Respiratory Disease in Children during Autumn and Winter Seasons 2022\/2023. Viruses, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/v15122425"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.231011","article-title":"Respiratory Viruses in Wastewater Compared with Clinical Samples, Leuven, Belgium","volume":"30","author":"Rector","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morgan, N., Buys, H., and Muloiwa, R. (2023). RSV infection in children hospitalised with severe lower respiratory tract infection in a low-middle-income setting: A cross-sectional observational study. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291433"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"112","article-title":"Trends and Non-Clinical Predictors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Influenza Diagnosis in an Urban Pediatric Population","volume":"9","author":"Feiler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7285","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R116.774562","article-title":"The molecular basis for differential type I interferon signaling","volume":"292","author":"Schreiber","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.05.008","article-title":"Type I and type III interferons\u2014Induction, signaling, evasion, and application to combat COVID-19","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2020.05.002","article-title":"COVID-19: Pathogenesis, cytokine storm and therapeutic potential of interferons","volume":"53","author":"Nile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"E3798","article-title":"SAMHD1 suppresses innate immune responses to viral infections and inflammatory stimuli by inhibiting the NF-\u03baB and interferon pathways","volume":"115","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI91190","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3-related mRNA profile predicts clinical response to PD-1 blockade","volume":"127","author":"Ayers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260146","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1260146","article-title":"T cells, more than antibodies, may prevent symptoms developing from respiratory syncytial virus infections in older adults","volume":"14","author":"Salaun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1080\/15513815.2019.1636429","article-title":"Epidemiological and Immunological Features of Influenza Viruses in Hospitalized Children with Influenza Illness in Hangzhou","volume":"39","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"17","article-title":"RSV respiratory infection in children under 5 y.o.--dynamics of the immune response Th1\/Th2 and IgE","volume":"67","author":"Gut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Przegl. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tovo, P.A., Garazzino, S., Dapr\u00e0, V., Pruccoli, G., Calvi, C., Mignone, F., Alliaudi, C., Denina, M., Scolfaro, C., and Zoppo, M. (2021). COVID-19 in Children: Expressions of Type I\/II\/III Interferons, TRIM28, SETDB1, and Endogenous Retroviruses in Mild and Severe Cases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147481"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02061","article-title":"The Dual Nature of Type I and Type II Interferons","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11568-009-9080-y","article-title":"Identification of gene biomarkers for respiratory syncytial virus infection in a bronchial epithelial cell line","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genom. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1159\/000321105","article-title":"Effect of Th1\/Th2 cytokine pretreatment on RSV-induced gene expression in airway epithelial cells","volume":"154","author":"Yamada","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.82187-0","article-title":"Distinct gene subsets are induced at different time points after human respiratory syncytial virus infection of A549 cells","volume":"88","author":"Melero","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(03)01008-8","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection activates STAT signaling in human epithelial cells","volume":"306","author":"Kong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6800","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.13.6800-6814.2002","article-title":"Identification of NF-kappaB-dependent gene networks in respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells","volume":"76","author":"Tian","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9044","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.19.9044-9058.2001","article-title":"Expression of respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokine gene networks in lower airway epithelial cells revealed by cDNA microarrays","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.6.3350-3357.2005","article-title":"Differential role for TLR3 in respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokine expression","volume":"79","author":"Rudd","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14046","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804717105","article-title":"MAVS and MyD88 are essential for innate immunity but not cytotoxic T lymphocyte response against respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"105","author":"Bhoj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5958","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02220-06","article-title":"Host transcription profiles upon primary respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"81","author":"Janssen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9584","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00302-10","article-title":"Gene expression differences in lungs of mice during secondary immune responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"84","author":"Schuurhof","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4521","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.9.4521-4527.2006","article-title":"Differential chemokine expression following respiratory virus infection reflects Th1- or Th2-biased immunopathology","volume":"80","author":"Culley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pennings, J.L., Schuurhof, A., Hodemaekers, H.M., Buisman, A., de Rond, L.C., Widjojoatmodjo, M.N., Luytjes, W., Kimpen, J.L., Bont, L., and Janssen, R. (2011). Systemic signature of the lung response to respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021461"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-143","article-title":"Decreased Toll-like receptor 8 expression and lower TNF-alpha synthesis in infants with acute RSV infection","volume":"11","author":"Bendelja","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fjaerli, H.O., Bukholm, G., Krog, A., Skjaeret, C., Holden, M., and Nakstad, B. (2006). Whole blood gene expression in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. BMC Infect. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-175"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1086\/519168","article-title":"Cord blood gene expression in infants hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis","volume":"196","author":"Fjaerli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.07.006","article-title":"Gene expression signatures diagnose influenza and other symptomatic respiratory viral infections in humans","volume":"6","author":"Zaas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00445-08","article-title":"Gene expression of nucleic acid-sensing pattern recognition receptors in children hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus-associated acute bronchiolitis","volume":"16","author":"Scagnolari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318278b4b3","article-title":"Global gene expression profiling in infants with acute respiratory syncytial virus broncholitis demonstrates systemic activation of interferon signaling networks","volume":"32","author":"Bucasas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mejias, A., Dimo, B., Suarez, N.M., Garcia, C., Suarez-Arrabal, M.C., Jartti, T., Blankenship, D., Jordan-Villegas, A., Ardura, M.I., and Xu, Z. (2013). Whole blood gene expression profiles to assess pathogenesis and disease severity in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection. PLoS Med., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001549"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00085614","article-title":"Nasopharyngeal gene expression, a novel approach to study the course of respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"45","author":"Ahout","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT Method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.07.114","article-title":"RSV 2010: Recent advances in research on respiratory syncytial virus and other pneumoviruses","volume":"29","author":"Osterhaus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3810\/pgm.1999.12.803","article-title":"Rsv infection in infants and young children","volume":"106","author":"Baker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S189","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000188196.87969.9a","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infections: Old challenges and new opportunities","volume":"24","author":"Jafri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0102-54","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus infection suppresses lung CD8+ T-cell effector activity and peripheral CD8+ T-cell memory in the respiratory tract","volume":"8","author":"Chang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14999","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0802555105","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus impairs T cell activation by preventing synapse assembly with dendritic cells","volume":"105","author":"Prado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2013.05.005","article-title":"Protective and dysregulated T cell immunity in RSV infection","volume":"3","author":"Openshaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semple, M.G., Dankert, H.M., Ebrahimi, B., Correia, J.B., Booth, J.A., Stewart, J.P., Smyth, R.L., and Hart, C.A. (2007). Severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in infants is associated with reduced airway interferon gamma and substance P. PLoS ONE, 2.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001038"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2567OC","article-title":"Reduced nasal viral load and IFN responses in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis and respiratory failure","volume":"198","author":"Thwaites","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02877.x","article-title":"Association of cytokine responses with disease severity in infants with respiratory syncytial virus infection","volume":"91","author":"Chen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S648","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa208","article-title":"Biomarkers for Disease Severity in Children Infected With Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"222","author":"Drysdale","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20211211","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20211211","article-title":"Early nasal type I IFN immunity against SARS-CoV-2 is compromised in patients with autoantibodies against type I IFNs","volume":"218","author":"Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zedan, A., Winters, A.D., Yu, W., Wang, S., Ren, Y., Takeshita, A., and Gong, Q. (2023). Antiviral Functions of Type I and Type III Interferons in the Olfactory Epithelium. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121762"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02504.x","article-title":"Decreased interferon-gamma response in respiratory syncytial virus compared to other respiratory viral infections in infants","volume":"137","author":"Aberle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0402-2","article-title":"Functional exhaustion of antiviral lymphocytes in COVID-19 patients","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2003.02039.x","article-title":"Interferon-gamma levels in nasopharyngeal secretions of infants with respiratory syncytial virus and other respiratory viral infections","volume":"131","author":"Joshi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.5.9805080","article-title":"Reduced IFN-g production in infants with bronchiolitis and asthma","volume":"159","author":"Renzi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2249.2000.01297.x","article-title":"Predominant type-2 response in infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection demonstrated by cytokine flow cytometry","volume":"121","author":"Bendelja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/2\/259\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:53:33Z","timestamp":1760104413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/2\/259"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60020259"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60020259","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]}}}