{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:22:13Z","timestamp":1790194933125,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Augmented reality head-mounted display (AR-HMD) is a novel technology that provides surgeons with a real-time CT-guided 3-dimensional recapitulation of a patient\u2019s spinal anatomy. In this case series, we explore the use of AR-HMD alongside more traditional robotic assistance in surgical spine trauma cases to determine their effect on operative costs and perioperative outcomes. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed trauma patients who underwent pedicle screw placement surgery guided by AR-HMD or robotic-assisted platforms at an academic tertiary care center between 1 January 2021 and 31 December 2022. Outcome distributions were compared using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test. Results: The AR cohort (n = 9) had a mean age of 66 years, BMI of 29.4 kg\/m2, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) of 4.1, and Surgical Invasiveness Index (SII) of 8.8. In total, 77 pedicle screws were placed in this cohort. Intra-operatively, there was a mean blood loss of 378 mL, 0.78 units transfused, 398 min spent in the operating room, and a 20-day LOS. The robotic cohort (n = 13) had a mean age of 56 years, BMI of 27.1 kg\/m2, CCI of 3.8, and SII of 14.2. In total, 128 pedicle screws were placed in this cohort. Intra-operatively, there was a mean blood loss of 432 mL, 0.46 units transfused units used, 331 min spent in the operating room, and a 10.4-day LOS. No significant difference was found between the two cohorts in any outcome metrics. Conclusions: Although the need to address urgent spinal conditions poses a significant challenge to the implementation of innovative technologies in spine surgery, this study represents an initial effort to show that AR-HMD can yield comparable outcomes to traditional robotic surgical techniques. Moreover, it highlights the potential for AR-HMD to be readily integrated into Level 1 trauma centers without requiring extensive modifications or adjustments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T05:36:43Z","timestamp":1707197803000},"page":"281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Utilization of Augmented Reality Head-Mounted Display for the Surgical Management of Thoracolumbar Spinal Trauma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Michael Ryan","family":"Kann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8560-7295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Ruiz-Cardozo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Brehm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1545-4936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim","family":"Bui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karan","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karma","family":"Barot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Trevino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Carey-Ewend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Som P.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"De La Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Hanafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Olufawo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rujvee P.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3630-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander T.","family":"Yahanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Perdomo-Pantoja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7878-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio J.","family":"Jauregui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Maryland Medical System, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4927-063X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magalie","family":"Cadieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4304-9141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenton","family":"Pennicooke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilo A.","family":"Molina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.1985.38","article-title":"A new device for internal fixation of thoracolumbar and lumbar spine fractures: The \u2018fixateur interne\u2019","volume":"23","author":"Dick","year":"1985","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semss.2021.100890","article-title":"Percutaneous pedicle screw 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