{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T20:45:40Z","timestamp":1767905140541,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1G1A1007886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1007886"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1G1A1010833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1010833"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital Hyangseol Research Fund 2023","award":["2021R1G1A1007886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1007886"]}]},{"name":"Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital Hyangseol Research Fund 2023","award":["2021R1G1A1010833"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1G1A1010833"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Ascites, often associated with liver cirrhosis, poses diagnostic challenges, particularly in detecting bacterial infections. Traditional methods have limitations, prompting the exploration of advanced techniques such as 16S rDNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) for improved diagnostics in such low-biomass fluids. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the NGS method enhances detection sensitivity compared to a conventional ascites culture. Additionally, we aimed to explore the presence of a microbiome in the abdominal cavity and determine whether it has a sterile condition. Materials and Methods: Ten patients with clinically suspected spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) were included in this study. A traditional ascites culture was performed, and all ascites samples were subjected to 16S ribosomal RNA gene amplification and sequencing. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results were interpreted by comparing them to positive and negative controls for each sample. Results: Differential centrifugation was applied to all ascites samples, resulting in very small or no bacterial pellets being harvested. The examination of the 16S amplicon sequencing libraries indicated that the target amplicon products were either minimally visible or exhibited lower intensity than their corresponding negative controls. Contaminants present in the reagents were also identified in the ascites samples. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of all samples showed microbial compositions that were akin to those found in the negative controls, without any bacteria isolated that were unique to the samples. Conclusions: The peritoneal cavity and ascites exhibit low bacterial biomass even in the presence of SBP, resulting in a very low positivity rate in 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Hence, the 16S RNA sequencing method does little to enhance the rate of positive samples compared to traditional culture methods, including in SBP cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T09:00:02Z","timestamp":1707382802000},"page":"289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["16S rRNA Next-Generation Sequencing May Not Be Useful for Examining Suspected Cases of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Chan Jin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju Sun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GC Genome, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Green Cross Laboratories, Youngin 16924, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7802-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Ju","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keun Woo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Preclinical Stroke Modeling Laboratory Weill Cornell Medicine, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, NY 10605, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5897-8309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jina","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8694-777X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Gyune","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young Seok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon 14584, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Ascitic Fluid Analysis in the Differential Diagnosis of Ascites: Focus on Cirrhotic Ascites","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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