{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:48:37Z","timestamp":1760143717430,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background and Objective: Excessive gestational weight gain is associated with serious complications such as pre-eclampsia, fetal macrosomia and a more frequent need for cesarean section. The aim of this study is to develop a simple screening model that includes maternal age, BMI and nutritive habits in the second trimester in order to predict the risk of GDM in the population of pregnant women in the territory of the Republic of Serbia. (2) Materials and Methods: This single-center, prospective and case\u2013control study was performed in the University Clinical Center \u201cDr. Dragisa Misovic Dedinje\u201d, Belgrade, Serbia and included 54 women with singleton pregnancies during the second trimester from July 2023 to November 2023. We used basic demographic and socio-epidemiological data, as well as data of the present comorbidities and previous pregnancies\/births. The Serbian version of the Nutritive Status Questionnaire (NSQ) was used to estimate the nutritive habits in GDM (n = 22) and non-GDM groups (n = 32). (3) Results: We observed less frequent vegetable and fruit consumption in the GDM group in comparison with the non-GDM group; meat and chicken intake was 2\u20133 times per week in both groups; meat products were consumed 2\u20133 times per week in the GDM group and 2\u20133 times per month in the non-GDM group; milk products were consumed once a day in 31.8% of GDM patients and twice per day in 24.1% of non-GDM patients. Sweets (cakes, ice creams, biscuits) were consumed very often (2\u20133 times per week) in the GDM group (36.4%), while in the non-GDM group this habit was less frequent (26.7%). Cronbach alpha and internal consistency for this instrument were very good (Cronbach alpha = 0.87). (4) Conclusions: We have found that a non-adequate intake of fruits\/vegetables, dairy and whole grain, as well as an excessive intake of sugar\/artificially sweetened beverages and dairy, was associated with a higher risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 0.04; 95% CI).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020317","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1707884302000},"page":"317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Role of Nutritional Habits during Pregnancy in the Developing of Gestational Diabetes: A Single-Center Observational Clinical Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Trifunovic-Kubat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Center \u201cDr Dragisa Misovic Dedinje\u201d, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Predrag","family":"Sazdanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Clinic of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Zmaj Jovina 30, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milos","family":"Ilic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Center \u201cDr Dragisa Misovic Dedinje\u201d, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Djordje","family":"Filipovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Center \u201cDr Dragisa Misovic Dedinje\u201d, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9105-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Nikolic Turnic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"NA Semashko Public Health and Healthcare Department, F.F. Erismann Institute of Public Health, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sladjana","family":"Mihajlovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Clinical Center \u201cDr Dragisa Misovic Dedinje\u201d, Heroja Milana Tepica 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Suboti\u0107a 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8921712","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8921712","article-title":"High fasting plasma glucose during early pregnancy: A review about early gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"2017","author":"Cosson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.12.011","article-title":"Predicting gestational diabetes: Choosing the optimal early serum marker","volume":"196","author":"Smirnakis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.12798","article-title":"Early second trimester maternal serum markers in the prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1336759","article-title":"A first trimester prediction model for gestational diabetes utilizing aneuploidy and pre-eclampsia screening markers","volume":"31","author":"Sweeting","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2024, January 31). Available online: www.idf.com; https:\/\/idf.org\/about-diabetes\/gestational-diabetes\/."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.13261","article-title":"Maternal lipid levels during pregnancy and gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Ryckman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab242","article-title":"Plasma lipidomics in early pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A prospective nested case-control study in Chinese women","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23517","article-title":"BMI and lipidomic biomarkers with risk of gestational diabetes in pregnant women","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"QE01","article-title":"Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Where do We Stand","volume":"10","author":"Rani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2022, December 12). International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group (IADPSG). Available online: www.iadpsg.org."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1191","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa899","article-title":"Early Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Chinese Population via Advanced Machine Learning","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alesi, S., Ghelani, D., Rassie, K., and Mousa, A. (2021). Metabolomic Biomarkers in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Review of the Evidence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115512"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0935-9","article-title":"Predictive and diagnostic biomarkers for gestational diabetes and its associated metabolic and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"18","author":"Hang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Cheng, Y., Li, T., Fan, Y., Zhang, Q., and Cheng, H. (2022). Prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus by different obesity indices. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-04615-0"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2022.102378","article-title":"Machine learning-based models for gestational diabetes mellitus prediction before 24-28 weeks of pregnancy: A review","volume":"132","author":"Mennickent","year":"2022","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-023-02181-9","article-title":"Gestationsdiabetes (GDM) (Update 2023) [Gestational diabetes mellitus (Update 2023)]","volume":"135","author":"Winhofer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2013). Diagnostic Criteria and Classification of Hyperglycaemia First Detected in Pregnancy, World Heal Organ. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/85975\/1\/WHO_NMH_MND_13.2_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2011). Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus (Position Statement). Diabetes Care, 34, S62\u2013S69.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-S062"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12639","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12639","article-title":"Development of a dietary screening questionnaire to predict excessive weight gain in pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Hrolfsdottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803184","article-title":"Maternal diet in early and late pregnancy in relation to weight gain","volume":"30","author":"Olafsdottir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_203_17","article-title":"Guidelines for developing, translating, and validating a questionnaire in perioperative and pain medicine","volume":"11","author":"Tsang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Velentgas, P., Dreyer, N.A., Nourjah, P., Smith, S.R., and Torchia, M.M. (2020, January 01). Study Size Planning, Developing a Protocol for Observational Comparative Effectiveness Research: A User\u2019s Guide, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK126183\/."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067946","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067946","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"377","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003","article-title":"A Clinical Update on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Sweeting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e070244","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070244","article-title":"Association of gestational diabetes mellitus with overall and type specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"378","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"57","article-title":"Nutrition Therapy in Managing Pregnant Women With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Dolatkhah","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Family Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusza\u0142a, M., Niebrzydowska, M., Pilszyk, A., Kimber-Trojnar, \u017b., Trojnar, M., and Leszczy\u0144ska-Gorzelak, B. (2021). Novel Biomolecules in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111578"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"CD009275","article-title":"Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"CD010443","article-title":"Combined diet and exercise interventions for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Shepherd","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"8","article-title":"Nawyki zywieniowe kobiet ciezarnych [Nutrition habits in pregnant women]","volume":"60","author":"Was","year":"2003","journal-title":"Przegl Lek."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.22.288045","article-title":"Screening for gestational diabetes, Ahmedabad, India","volume":"100","author":"Nayak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0142uski, D.F., Rusza\u0142a, M., Rudzi\u0144ski, G., Po\u017carowska, K., Brzuszkiewicz, K., and Leszczy\u0144ska-Gorzelak, B. (2022). Evolution of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus across Continents in 21st Century. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192315804"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2011.2810","article-title":"Prepregnancy weight, gestational weight gain, and risk of growth affected neonates","volume":"21","author":"Simas","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0511","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Can Be Prevented by Lifestyle Intervention: The Finnish Gestational Diabetes Prevention Study (RADIEL) A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"39","author":"Koivusalo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0412.2011.01185.x","article-title":"Low gestational weight gain and the risk of preterm birth and low birthweight: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"90","author":"Han","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2016.1173029","article-title":"Inadequate weight gain in obese women and the risk of small for gestational age (SGA): A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12809","article-title":"Risk of large for gestational age births at early, full and late term in relation to pre-pregnancy body mass index: Mediation by gestational diabetes status","volume":"36","author":"Kondracki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/2\/317\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:59:23Z","timestamp":1760104763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/2\/317"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60020317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60020317","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1648-9144"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]}}}