{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T23:29:52Z","timestamp":1793057392495,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":243,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Food and fluid supply is fundamental for optimal athletic performance but can also be a risk factor for caries, dental erosion, and periodontal diseases, which in turn can impair athletic performance. Many studies have reported a high prevalence of oral diseases in elite athletes, notably dental caries 20\u201384%, dental erosion 42\u201359%, gingivitis 58\u201377%, and periodontal disease 15\u201341%, caused by frequent consumption of sugars\/carbohydrates, polyunsaturated fats, or deficient protein intake. There are three possible major reasons for poor oral health in athletes which are addressed in this review: oxidative stress, sports diet, and oral hygiene. This update particularly summarizes potential sports nutritional effects on athletes\u2019 dental health. Overall, sports diet appropriately applied to deliver benefits for performance associated with oral hygiene requirements is necessary to ensure athletes\u2019 health. The overall aim is to help athletes, dentists, and nutritionists understand the tangled connections between sports diet, oral health, and oral healthcare to develop mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of dental diseases due to nutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1707884302000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Sports Diet and Oral Health in Athletes: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Antina","family":"Schulze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"General Outpatient Clinic of Sports Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Busse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Outpatient Clinic of Sports Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000759","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000759","article-title":"Implementation of a behavioural change intervention to enhance oral health behaviours in elite athletes: A feasibility study","volume":"6","author":"Gallagher","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport. Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malsagova, K.A., Kopylov, A.T., Sinitsyna, A.A., Stepanov, A.A., Izotov, A.A., Butkova, T.V., Chingin, K., Klyuchnikov, M.S., and Kaysheva, A.L. (2021). Sports Nutrition: Diets, Selection Factors, Recommendations. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113771"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-46.6.688","article-title":"Personal Food Systems of Male Collegiate Football Players: A Grounded Theory Investigation","volume":"46","author":"Long","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2009.01.005","article-title":"Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance","volume":"109","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2000). Position of the American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and athletic performance. J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 100, 1543\u20131556.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(00)00428-4"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098919","article-title":"Nutrition and oral health in sport: Time for action","volume":"52","author":"Needleman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513508954","article-title":"Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: Systematic review to inform WHO guidelines","volume":"93","author":"Moynihan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"18","article-title":"Do current sports nutrition guidelines conflict with good oral health?","volume":"63","author":"Broad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimopoulou, M., Antoniadou, M., Amargianitakis, M., Gortzi, O., Androutsos, O., and Varzakas, T. (2023). Nutritional Factors Associated with Dental Caries across the Lifespan: A Review. Appl. Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413254"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092891","article-title":"Oral health and impact on performance of athletes participating in the London 2012 Olympic Games: A cross-sectional study","volume":"47","author":"Needleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e03774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03774","article-title":"The impact of oral health on physical fitness: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Bramantoro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.140270","article-title":"Periodontal disease as a risk indicator for poor physical fitness: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"86","author":"Oliveira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.IJDR_764_18","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of dental caries in athletes: An epidemiological systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Azeredo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2024, February 02). National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, Available online: https:\/\/www.nidcr.nih.gov\/research\/data-statistics\/dental-caries\/adults."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"e436","article-title":"Study of the Effect of Oral Health on Physical Condition of Professional Soccer Players of the Football Club Barcelona","volume":"16","author":"Pruna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med. Oral. Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2018.1546105","article-title":"Oral health among Dutch elite athletes prior to Rio 2016","volume":"47","author":"Kragt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14143","article-title":"Orofacial conditions and oral health behavior of young athletes: A comparison of amateur and competitive sports","volume":"32","author":"Merle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.10.001","article-title":"Oral health and microbiota status in professional rugby players: A case-control study","volume":"79","author":"Minty","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-094953","article-title":"Poor oral health including active caries in 187 UK professional male football players: Clinical dental examination performed by dentists","volume":"50","author":"Needleman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e319","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12266","article-title":"Effect of endurance training on dental erosion, caries, and saliva","volume":"25","author":"Frese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"Oral health status of the professional soccer players in Thailand","volume":"23","author":"Chantaramanee","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Ind."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1754-4505.2008.00065.x","article-title":"Oral health conditions in Italian Special Olympics athletes","volume":"29","author":"Dellavia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spec. Care Dentist."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"649","article-title":"Sports dentistry: Buccal and salivary profile of a female soccer team","volume":"35","author":"Simionato","year":"2004","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2011.00106.x","article-title":"Dental treatment at the Commonwealth Games, 23 September to 16 October 2010, Delhi, India","volume":"62","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1277192","article-title":"Elite athletes and oral health","volume":"32","author":"Bryant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720150324","article-title":"The effect of swimming on oral health status: Competitive versus non-competitive athletes","volume":"24","author":"Tieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Appl. Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12392","article-title":"Oral health and performance impacts in elite and professional athletes","volume":"46","author":"Gallagher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098770","article-title":"Alarmingly poor oral health in international athletes competing in the Middle East","volume":"53","author":"Knight","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41405-021-00078-1","article-title":"Oral health problems in high-performance athletes at 2019 Pan American Games in Lima: A descriptive study","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"BDJ Open"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botelho, J., Vicente, F., Dias, L., J\u00fadice, A., Pereira, P., Proen\u00e7a, L., Machado, V., Chambrone, L., and Mendes, J.J. (2021). Periodontal Health, Nutrition and Anthropometry in Professional Footballers: A Preliminary Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061792"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.17116\/stomat202110001119","article-title":"Stomatologicheskii i psikhologicheskii statusy u sportsmenov olimpiiskikh sbornykh i naseleniya Moskvy [Comparative study of dental and psychological status in athletes of Olympic teams and the population of Moscow]","volume":"100","author":"Olesov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stomatologiia"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Chadwick, B., White, D., Lader, D., and Pitts, N. (2019, July 10). 5: Preventive Behaviour and Risks to Oral Health\u2014A Report from the Adult Dental Health Survey 2009. Available online: https:\/\/files.digital.nhs.uk\/publicationimport\/pub01xxx\/pub01086\/adul-dent-heal-surv-summ-them-the5-2009-rep7.pdf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11332-020-00624-8","article-title":"Dental erosion\u2019 prevalence and its relation to isotonic drinks in athletes: A systematic review and meta- analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wambier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sport Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000351872","article-title":"Validation of the basic erosive wear examination","volume":"48","author":"Olley","year":"2013","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"ZE21","article-title":"Oral health and quality of life: Current concepts","volume":"11","author":"Baiju","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2018.06.015","article-title":"Converging findings from linkage between periodontal pathogen with atopic and allergic immune response","volume":"113","author":"Nelwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12007","article-title":"Periodontal disease and systemic illness: Will the evidence ever be enough?","volume":"62","author":"Cullinan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"294","article-title":"Impact of gingival inflammation on changes of a marker of muscle injury in young soccer players during training: A pilot study","volume":"27","author":"Ribas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Odonto Ci\u00eanc."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.02.069","article-title":"Effect of exercise training on chronic inflammation","volume":"411","author":"Beavers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12156","article-title":"The effect of physical activity on mediators of inflammation","volume":"15","author":"Nimmo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2005.01.004","article-title":"Increased physical activity reduces prevalence of periodontitis","volume":"33","author":"Borawski","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2010.01314.x","article-title":"The association between periodontal disease, physical activity and healthy diet among adults in Jordan","volume":"46","author":"Bawadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"5","article-title":"Physical exercise is associated with improved periodontal health in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"1","author":"Schulze","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_627_19","article-title":"Effects of exercise on periodontal parameters in obese women","volume":"23","author":"Alkan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S153397","article-title":"Exercise habituation is effective for improvement of periodontal disease status: A prospective intervention study","volume":"14","author":"Omori","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12686","article-title":"Association between chronic oral inflammatory burden and physical fitness in males: A cross-sectional observational study","volume":"50","author":"Hoppe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Endod. J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025622815579","article-title":"Increased physical activity decreases periodontitis risk in men","volume":"18","author":"Merchant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12183","article-title":"Moderate and severe periodontitis are independent risk factors associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness in sedentary non-smoking men aged between 45 and 65 years","volume":"41","author":"Eberhard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.22.14197-6","article-title":"Long-term training improves clinical signs of periodontal disease in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot trial","volume":"63","author":"Schulze","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"653537","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Parameters in Saliva and Its Association with Periodontal Disease and Types of Bacteria","volume":"2015","author":"Pastor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-007-0047-1","article-title":"Total antioxidant status and 8-hydroxy-2\u2032-deoxyguanosine levels in gingival and peripheral blood of periodontitis patients","volume":"55","author":"Konopka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2298\/SARH1304163N","article-title":"Antioxidative status of saliva before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment","volume":"141","author":"Colak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Srp. Arh. Celok. Lek."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2009.01.008","article-title":"Salivary DNA, lipid, and protein oxidation in nonsmokers with periodontal disease","volume":"46","author":"Su","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12300","article-title":"Oxidative stress in oral diseases","volume":"22","author":"Kesarwala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"3","article-title":"Saliva and oxidative stress in oral cavity and in some systemic disorders","volume":"66","author":"Buczko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Jornet, P., Hynninen, J.N., Parra-Perez, F., Peres-Rubio, C., Pons-Fuster, E., and Tvarijonaviciute, A. (2024). The Role of Salivary Biomarkers in Monitoring Oral Health in Patients with Implants and Periodontitis. Appl. Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/app14020927"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.070107","article-title":"A hyperactive neutrophil phenotype in patients with refractory periodontitis","volume":"78","author":"Johnstone","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.17-0352","article-title":"Resveratrol derivative-rich melinjo seed extract induces healing in a murine model of established periodontitis","volume":"89","author":"Ikeda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517715007","article-title":"The Role of NrF2 in the Regulation of Periodontal Health and Disease","volume":"96","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.11-S.2066","article-title":"Periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis: A review","volume":"76","author":"Bartold","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2010.100508","article-title":"Refractory periodontitis population characterized by a hyperactive oral neutrophil phenotype","volume":"82","author":"Aboodi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakschevitz, F.S., Aboodi, G.M., and Glogauer, M. (2013). Oral neutrophil transcriptome changes result in a pro-survival phenotype in periodontal diseases. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068983"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12342","article-title":"Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of oxidative stress: We should treat it that way","volume":"84","author":"Sczepanik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.02.005","article-title":"Exercise and oxidative stress: Potential effects of antioxidant dietary strategies in sports","volume":"31","author":"Pingitore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13061","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules181013061","article-title":"Sesquiterpene lactones and their derivatives inhibit high glucose-induced NF-\u03baB activation and MCP-1 and TGF-\u03b21 expression in rat mesangial cells","volume":"18","author":"Jia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T1","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-12-0498","article-title":"Adipokine inflammation and insulin resistance: The role of glucose, lipids and endotoxin","volume":"216","author":"Piya","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"EFSA (2020, October 30). EFSA Explains Risk Assessment: Nitrites and Nitrates Added to Food. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/corporate_publications\/files\/nitrates-nitrites-170614.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Sport\u2014AIS (2020, October 30). AIS Sports Supplement Framework an Initiative of AIS Sports Nutrition Sports Gels, Available online: https:\/\/www.ais.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0004\/698557\/AIS-Sports-Supplement-Framework-2019.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2010.03.025","article-title":"Nutrition and oral mucosal diseases","volume":"28","author":"Thomas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374970110012101","article-title":"Nutritional influences on biofilm development","volume":"11","author":"Bowden","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1159\/000074357","article-title":"Dental plaque as a biofilm: A pilot study of the effects of nutrients on plaque pH and dentin demineralization","volume":"38","author":"Zaura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.62.1.71-109.1998","article-title":"Oral microbial ecology and the role of salivary immunoglobulin A","volume":"62","author":"Marcotte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1126\/science.92.2399.578","article-title":"Two factors of possible importance in relation to the etiology and treatment of dental caries and other dental diseases","volume":"92","author":"Stephan","year":"1940","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.184163","article-title":"Frequency of sucrose exposure on the cariogenicity of a biofilm-caries model","volume":"10","author":"Lozano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-014-0342-2","article-title":"The oral microbiome diversity and its relation to human diseases","volume":"60","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsh, P.D. (2006). Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community\u2014Implications for health and disease. BMC Oral Health, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-6-S1-S14"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2016.11.002","article-title":"Normal Oral Flora and the Oral Ecosystem","volume":"61","author":"Samaranayake","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C39","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910408301s08","article-title":"The continuum of dental caries-evidence for a dynamic disease process","volume":"83","author":"Featherstone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2003589","article-title":"Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases","volume":"7","author":"Moynihan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001142","article-title":"Dietary effects on dental diseases","volume":"4","author":"Sheiham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1159\/000077767","article-title":"Sugars\u2014The arch criminal?","volume":"38","author":"Zero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515616572","article-title":"The shape of the dose-response relationship between sugars and caries in adults","volume":"95","author":"Bernabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1983.tb01899.x","article-title":"Predictive value of dietary habits and oral hygiene for the occurrence of caries in 3-year-olds","volume":"11","author":"Granath","year":"1983","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1159\/000262023","article-title":"Consumption of sweet snacks and caries experience of primary school children","volume":"28","author":"Karlsbeek","year":"1994","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1995.tb00009.x","article-title":"Longitudinal study of caries, cariogenic bacteria and diet in children just before and after starting school","volume":"103","author":"Holbrook","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000260414","article-title":"Effect on caries incidence in rats of increasing dietary sucrose levels","volume":"13","author":"Hefti","year":"1979","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000260138","article-title":"Effect of acrinomyces viscosus on the establishment and symbiosis of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis in SPF rats on different sucrose diets","volume":"9","author":"Mikx","year":"1975","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(84)90145-6","article-title":"Relationship between dietary habits and caries increment assessed over two years in 405 English adolescent schoolchildren","volume":"29","author":"Hackett","year":"1984","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345880670111201","article-title":"The effects of sugars intake and frequency of ingestion on dental caries increment in a 3-year longitudinal study","volume":"67","author":"Burt","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1995.tb00218.x","article-title":"Sugar consumption and caries risk in schoolchildren with low caries experience","volume":"23","author":"Szpunar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Commun. Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1159\/000261381","article-title":"Effect of Partial substitution of invert sugar for sucrose in combination with Duraphat\u00ae treatment on caries development in preschool children: The Malm\u00f6 study","volume":"25","author":"Frostell","year":"1991","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjdr.2014.11.003","article-title":"Enamel solubility potential of commercially available soft drinks and fruit juices in Saudi Arabia","volume":"6","author":"Tadakamandla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Saudi J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.1996.tb00217.x","article-title":"A comparison of the effects of some extrinsic and intrinsic sugars on dental plaque pH","volume":"6","author":"Hussein","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2005.00233.x","article-title":"Cariogram\u2013a multifactorial risk assessment model for a multifactorial disease","volume":"33","author":"Bratthall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Commun. Dent. Oral. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00008.2007","article-title":"Immune function in sport and exercise","volume":"103","author":"Gleeson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.03.001","article-title":"Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Oral. health and nutrition","volume":"113","author":"Mobley","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910708600403","article-title":"Chemokines in oral inflammatory diseases: Apical periodontitis and periodontal disease","volume":"86","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"711","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines in saliva of adolescents with dental caries disease","volume":"19","author":"Gornowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1139\/h04-026","article-title":"Acute interleukin-6 administration impairs athletic performance in healthy, trained male runners","volume":"29","author":"Collins","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939050-00005","article-title":"Exercise and fatigue","volume":"39","author":"Ament","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2010.187732","article-title":"The effect of fatigue from exercise on human limb position sense","volume":"588","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200838050-00001","article-title":"Muscle fatigue during football match-play","volume":"38","author":"Reilly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solleveld, H., Goedhart, A., and Vanden, B.L. (2015). Associations between poor oral health and reinjuries in male elite soccer players: A cross-sectional self- report study. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-015-0004-y"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S159","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.18-0006","article-title":"Staging and grading of periodontitis: Framework and proposal of a new classification and case definition","volume":"89","author":"Tonetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210602014010219","article-title":"Orthodontic management of a mandibular double-tooth incisor: A case report","volume":"14","author":"Marra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.05.023","article-title":"Colonisation of gingival epithelia by subgingival biofilms in vitro: Role of \u201cred complex\u201d bacteria","volume":"59","author":"Thurnheer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3374","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01976-14","article-title":"The periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis induces expression of transposases and cell death of Streptococcus mitis in a biofilm model","volume":"82","author":"Baker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.12636","article-title":"Upregulation of free fatty acid receptors in periodontal tissues of patients with metabolic syndrome and periodontitis","volume":"54","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontal. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.19-0135","article-title":"A novel multi-locus genetic risk score identifies patients with higher risk of generalized aggressive periodontitis","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola, G. (2020). The Impact of Diet, Nutrition and Nutraceuticals on Oral and Periodontal Health. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092724"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola, G. (2020). Current Evidence of Natural Agents in Oral and Periodontal Health. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020585"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03397-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of a nutraceutical agent in the non-surgical periodontal therapy: A randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Isola","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Investig."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2009.080376","article-title":"Theimpact of the stone age diet on gingival condi-tions in the absence of oral hygiene","volume":"80","author":"Baumgartner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2009.0131","article-title":"Potential mechanisms underpinning the nutritional modulation of periodontal inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Chapple","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509337700","article-title":"Dietary carbohydrates and dental-systemic diseases","volume":"88","author":"Hujoel","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woelber, J.P., Bremer, K., Vach, K., Konig, D., Hellwig, E., Ratka-Kruger, P., Al-Ahmad, A., and Tennert, C. (2016). An oral health optimized diet can reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation in humans\u2014A randomized con-trolled pilot study. BMC Oral Health, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-016-0257-1"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357608997711","article-title":"Turku sugar studies V. Final report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the caries incidence in man","volume":"34","author":"Scheinin","year":"1976","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1984.55.7.419","article-title":"Influence of frequent sugar intake on experimental gingivitis","volume":"55","author":"Sidi","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"431","article-title":"Nutrition and oral infectious diseases: State of the science","volume":"23","author":"Enwonwu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compend. Contin. Educ. Dent."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2011.03.004","article-title":"Saliva as a tool for monitoring steroid, peptide and immune markers in sport and exercise science","volume":"14","author":"Papacosta","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-017-0189-4","article-title":"International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Protein and Exercise","volume":"14","author":"Kerksick","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.12.006","article-title":"Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance","volume":"116","author":"Thomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S29","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2011.619204","article-title":"Dietary Protein for Athletes: From Requirements to Optimum Adaptation","volume":"29","author":"Phillips","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.135038","article-title":"Enhanced Amino Acid Sensitivity of Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Persists for up to 24 h after Resistance Exercise in Young Men","volume":"141","author":"Burd","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0307.2001.00014.x","article-title":"Milk proteins as food ingredients","volume":"54","author":"Fox","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.4.989S","article-title":"Bioactive properties of milk proteins with particular focus on anticariogenesis","volume":"134","author":"Aimutis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Neeser, J.R. (1991). Dental Anti-Plaque and Anti-Caries Agent. (4,992,420), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Neeser, J.R. (1991). Dental Anti-Plaque and Anti-Caries Agent. (4,994,441), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-3010.2000.00033.x","article-title":"Foods and factors that protect against dental caries","volume":"25","author":"Moynihan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1301\/00296640260085822","article-title":"Cheese consumption and the development and progression of dental caries","volume":"60","author":"Kashket","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/11026480260363242","article-title":"Milk and dairy products: Possible effects on dental health","volume":"46","author":"Johansson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"135","article-title":"Relation of salivary inorganic phosphorus and alkaline phosphatase to the dental caries status in children","volume":"21","author":"Gandhy","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.38.4.l172u301208153v2","article-title":"Comparison of salivary calcium, phosphate and alkaline phosphatase levels in children with early childhood caries after administration of milk, cheese and GC tooth mousse: An in vivo study","volume":"38","author":"Hegde","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262861","article-title":"Effect of consuming different dairy products on calcium, phosphorus and pH levels of human dental plaque: A comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Ravishankar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1159\/000099320","article-title":"Effect of white cheese and sugarless yogurt on dental plaque acidogenecity","volume":"41","author":"Aras","year":"2007","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1159\/000260944","article-title":"Effects of cheese on experimental caries in human subjects","volume":"20","author":"Silva","year":"1986","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"46","article-title":"Enamel rehardening by soft cheeses","volume":"6","author":"Lewinstein","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_138","first-page":"188","article-title":"Comparison of the casiogenuity of some processed cheeses","volume":"3","author":"Drummond","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatric. Dent."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101909","article-title":"Tryptophan-related dipeptides in fermented dairy products suppress microglial activation and prevent cognitive decline","volume":"11","author":"Ano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"120","article-title":"Enamel softening with coca-cola and rehardening with milk or saliva","volume":"4","author":"Gedalia","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050082","article-title":"Increased intake of dairy products is related to lower periodontitis prevalence","volume":"77","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015001202","article-title":"Calcium, vitamin D, casein and whey protein intakes and periodontitis among Danish adults","volume":"19","author":"Adegboye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2008.070202","article-title":"Intake of dairy products and periodontal disease: The Hisayama Study","volume":"79","author":"Shimazaki","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S79","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12672","article-title":"Nutrition, dental caries, and periodontal disease: A narrative review","volume":"44","author":"Hujoel","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"(2005). Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2014.959564","article-title":"Rethinking Fat as a Fuel for Endurance Exercise","volume":"15","author":"Volek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport. Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2007.01063.x","article-title":"Relationship between body mass index and periodontitis in young Japanese adults","volume":"43","author":"Ekuni","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Periodont. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2007.09.106","article-title":"Biological effects of essential oils\u2014A review","volume":"46","author":"Bakkali","year":"2008","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18011227","article-title":"A review on anti-inflammatory activity of monoterpenes","volume":"18","author":"Andrade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"751435","article-title":"Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils against Streptococcus mutans and their Antiproliferative Effects","volume":"12","author":"Furletti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1515\/znc-2010-9-1009","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of the essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis and its major components against oral pathogens","volume":"65","author":"Bernardes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C. J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_152","first-page":"63","article-title":"Effect of oil-pulling on dental caries causing bacteria","volume":"2","author":"Anand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"62","article-title":"Effect of oil-pulling on oral microorganisms in biofilm models","volume":"2","author":"Thaweboon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Asia J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.40315","article-title":"Effect of oil pulling on Streptococcus mutans count in plaque and saliva using Dentocult SM Strip mutans test: A randomized, controlled, triple-blind study","volume":"26","author":"Asokan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ind. Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1295","article-title":"Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Fluoride Mouthrinse, Herbal Mouthrinse and Oil Pulling on the Caries Activity and Streptococcus mutans Count using Oratest and Dentocult SM Strip Mutans Kit","volume":"8","author":"Jauhari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80022-U","article-title":"Changes in mitochondrial and microsomal rat liver coenzyme Q9 and Q10 content induced by dietary fat and endogenous lipid peroxidation","volume":"287","author":"Huertas","year":"1991","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(01)00150-4","article-title":"Dietary oils high in oleic acid, but with different non-glyceride contents, have different effects on lipid profiles and peroxidation in rabbit hepatic mitochondria","volume":"12","author":"Huertas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chow, C.K. (2008). Fatty Acids in Foods and Their Health Implications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420006902"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2006). Calder PCN\u20133 Polyunsaturated fatty acids inflammation inflammatory diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 83, S1505\u2013S1519.","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.6.1505S"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509337479","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and periodontitis: Is oxidative stress a common link?","volume":"88","author":"Bullon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela-L\u00f3pez, A., Giampieri, F., Bull\u00f3n, P., Battino, M., and Quiles, J.L. (2016). Role of Lipids in the Onset, Progression and Treatment of Periodontal Disease. A Systematic Review of Studies in Humans. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081202"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murtaza, N., Burke, L.M., Vlahovich, N., Charlesson, B., O\u2019Neill, H.M., Ross, M.L., Campbell, K.L., Krause, L., and Morrison, M. (2019). Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Pattern on the Oral Microbiome of Elite Endurance Athletes. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030614"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200311000-00002","article-title":"Neural systems controlling food intake and energy balance in the modern world","volume":"6","author":"Berthoud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.2000.0352","article-title":"Impact of beverage acceptability on fluid intake during exercise","volume":"35","author":"Passe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199804000-00018","article-title":"Role of taste preference on fluid intake during and after 90 min of running at 60% of VO2max in the heat","volume":"30","author":"Wilmore","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093804","article-title":"Oral health and elite sport performance","volume":"49","author":"Needleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-014-0148-z","article-title":"Step Towards Personalized Sports Nutrition: Carbohydrate Intake During Exercise","volume":"44","author":"Jeukendrup","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0838.2000.010003123.x","article-title":"Physiological Models to Understand Exercise Fatigue and the Adaptations That Predict or Enhance Athletic Performance","volume":"10","author":"Noakes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2016-0111","article-title":"No Dose Response Effect of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Cycling Time-Trial Performance","volume":"27","author":"James","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001668","article-title":"The effect of a carbohydrate mouth rinse on upper-body muscular strength and endurance","volume":"31","author":"Dunkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.19.4.400","article-title":"Carbohydrate mouth rinsing in the fed state: Lack of enhancement of time-trial performance","volume":"19","author":"Beelen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2001.113778","article-title":"A review of saliva: Normal composition, flow, and function","volume":"85","author":"Humphrey","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"518","article-title":"Host response, malnutrition, and oral diseases. Part 1","volume":"39","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01794.x","article-title":"Salivary secretion, taste and hyposalivation","volume":"34","author":"Mese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200210000-00015","article-title":"Salivary IgA response to prolonged exercise in a cold environment in trained cyclists","volume":"34","author":"Walsh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"126","article-title":"Diagnostic potential of saliva: Current state and future applictions","volume":"36","author":"Pfaffe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"101","article-title":"Sports drinks and dental erosion","volume":"18","author":"Coombes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"167","article-title":"The prevalence of deciduous tooth wear in six-year-old children and it\u2019s relationship with potential explanatory factors","volume":"5","author":"Rios","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2012.01708.x","article-title":"Erosive potential of sports beverages","volume":"57","author":"Cochrane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1159\/000261039","article-title":"Salivary pH and glucose after consuming various beverages, including sugar-containing drinks","volume":"21","author":"Meurman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"249","article-title":"Dental erosion in industry","volume":"25","author":"Tenovuo","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601812010001","article-title":"Traumatic dental injuries resulting from sports activities; immediate treatment and five years follow-up: An observational study","volume":"12","author":"Spinas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuca, M.R., Pasini, M., and Tecco, S. (2014). Levels of salivary immunoglobulins and periodontal evaluation in smoking patients. BMC Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-15-5"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-19375","article-title":"Change in salivary IgA following a competitive marathon race","volume":"23","author":"Nieman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345910700060601","article-title":"Risk factors in dental erosion","volume":"70","author":"Heinonen","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.1994.tb00124.x","article-title":"The distribution and severity of tooth wear and the relationship between erosion and dietary constituents in a group of children","volume":"4","author":"Millward","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"60","article-title":"Effects of carbonated drinks and fruit juices on salivary pH of children: An in-vitro study","volume":"1","author":"Goel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Study"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1486","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules16021486","article-title":"Plant polyphenols and their anti-cariogenic properties: A review","volume":"16","author":"Ferrazzano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1159\/000329181","article-title":"Antimicrobial traits of tea- and cranberry-derived polyphenols against Streptococcus mutans","volume":"45","author":"Yoo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0902-0055.2004.00130.x","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of cranberry juice on attachment of oral streptococci and biofilm formation","volume":"19","author":"Yamanaka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oral. Microbiol. Immun."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12778","article-title":"Sugars and beyond. The role of sugars and the other nutrients and their potential impact on caries","volume":"24","author":"Giacaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oral. Dis."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2512","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.211524","article-title":"Higher intakes of fruits and vegetables, beta-carotene, Vitamin C, \u03b1-tocopherol, EPA, and DHA are positively associated with periodontal healing after nonsurgical periodontal therapy in nonsmokers but not in smokers","volume":"145","author":"Dodington","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(02)01043-2","article-title":"Nutrition, inflammation, and periodontal disease","volume":"19","author":"Ritchie","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2005.76.7.1084","article-title":"Effects of vitamin-B complex supplementation on periodontal wound healing","volume":"76","author":"Neiva","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Egbuna, C., and Dable-Tupas, G. (2020). Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Bioactive Components, Formulations and Innovations, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42319-3"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12483","article-title":"Serum vitamin B12 is inversely associated with periodontal progression and risk of tooth loss: A prospective cohortstudy","volume":"43","author":"Zong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_197","unstructured":"Palmer, C.A., Friedman, G.J., and Friedman, D.R. (2007). Diet and Nutrition in Oral Health, Prentice-Hall. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_198","unstructured":"Brian, J.N., and Cooper, M.D. (2001). Complete Review of Dental Hygiene, Prentice-Hall."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805809","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.805809","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Vitamin C in Maintaining Optimal Oral Health","volume":"8","author":"Murererehe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.140138","article-title":"Effects of an ascorbic acid\u2014Derivative dentifrice in patients with gingivitis: A double-masked, randomized, controlled clinical trial","volume":"86","author":"Shimabukuro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(03)00062-5","article-title":"Nutrition, saliva, and oral health","volume":"19","author":"Moynihan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Najeeb, S., Zafar, M.S., Khurshid, Z., Zohaib, S., and Almas, K. (2016). The Role of Nutrition in Periodontal Health: An Update. Nutrients, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8090530"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-789X.2011.00862.x","article-title":"The Effects of Catechin Rich Teas and Caffeine on Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Hursel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamprecht, M. (2015). Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition, CRC Press\/Taylor & Francis.","DOI":"10.1201\/b17442"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601610010166","article-title":"Green tea (Camellia sinensis): Chemistry and oral health","volume":"10","author":"Khurshid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102009005000010","article-title":"Polyphenol availability in fruits and vegetables consumed in Brazil","volume":"43","author":"Faller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. Saude Publ."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1993.tb00570.x","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen intermediates in the pathogenesis of chronic apical periodontitis","volume":"8","author":"Marton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511431702","article-title":"Relations of serum ascorbic acid and \u03b1-tocopherol to periodontal disease","volume":"91","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.05.007","article-title":"The impact of antioxidant agents complimentary to periodontal therapy on oxidative stress and periodontal outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Muniz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_210","first-page":"S9","article-title":"Antioxidant restricted diet increases oxidative stress during acute exhaustive exercise","volume":"12","author":"Watson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_211","unstructured":"FAO, and WHO (2001, January 1\u20134). Health and nutritional properties of Probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria. Proceedings of the Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Consultation on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria, C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S156","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e31817f184e","article-title":"FAO technical meeting on prebiotics","volume":"42","author":"Pineiro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-9521-4","article-title":"Probiotics as an Adjunct Therapy for the Treatment of Halitosis, Dental Caries and Periodontitis","volume":"12","author":"Bustamante","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biesalski, H., Bischoff, S., Pirlich, M., and Weimann, A. (2017). Ern\u00e4hrungsmedizin, Thieme. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1055\/b-004-132260"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Dio, M., Calella, P., Cerullo, G., Pelullo, C.P., Di Onofrio, V., Gall\u00e8, F., and Liguori, G. (2022). Effects of Probiotics Supplementation on Risk and Severity of Infections in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191811534"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro929","article-title":"Nitrate, bacteria and human health","volume":"2","author":"Lundberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666160627120408","article-title":"Nitric oxide: A universal modulator of brain function","volume":"23","author":"Philippu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1001-907","article-title":"Nitric oxide and the immune response","volume":"2","author":"Bogdan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Immun."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.04.005","article-title":"The effect of nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration","volume":"88","author":"Poderoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.1.209","article-title":"Physiology of nitric oxide in skeletal muscle","volume":"81","author":"Stamler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00184.x","article-title":"Evaluation of bacterial nitrate reduction in the human oral cavity","volume":"113","author":"Doel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002470","article-title":"Dietary Nitrate and Nitric Oxide Metabolism: Mouth, Circulation, Skeletal Muscle, and Exercise Performance","volume":"53","author":"Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DE10","DOI":"10.21276\/aimdr.2016.2.5.DE3","article-title":"Benefits of probiotics in oral cavity\u2014A detailed review","volume":"2","author":"Pandya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Int. Med. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2022.05.004","article-title":"The oral microbiome, nitric oxide and exercise performance","volume":"125\u2013126","author":"Bryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"85","article-title":"The potential role if probiotics in periodontal health","volume":"9","author":"Mohanty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Sul-Bras. Odontol."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13555","article-title":"The Usage of a Lactobacilli Probiotic in the Non-Surgical Therapy of Peri-Implantitis: A Randomized Pilot Study","volume":"31","author":"Laleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral. Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13663","article-title":"Adjuvant Use of Multispecies Probiotic in the Treatment of Peri-Implant Mucositis: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"49","author":"Santana","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, F., Inchingolo, A.M., Malcangi, G., De Leonardis, N., Sardano, R., Pezzolla, C., de Ruvo, E., Di Venere, D., Palermo, A., and Inchingolo, A.D. (2023). The Benefits of Probiotics on Oral Health: Systematic Review of the Literature. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16091313"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rapone, B., Ferrara, E., Santacroce, L., Topi, S., Gnoni, A., Dipalma, G., Mancini, A., Di Domenico, M., Tartaglia, G.M., and Scarano, A. (2022). The Gaseous Ozone Therapy as a Promising Antiseptic Adjuvant of Periodontal Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020985"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(02)00112-7","article-title":"Short-term consumption of probiotic-containing cheese and its effect on dental caries risk factors","volume":"47","author":"Ahola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2017.0139","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium lactis on gingival health, dental plaque, and periodontopathogens in adolescents: A randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"9","author":"Alanzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Benefic. Microbes."},{"key":"ref_233","first-page":"207","article-title":"Daily intake of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 decreases the probing depth in patients undergoing supportive periodontal therapy","volume":"14","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111228","article-title":"Probiotics and dairy products in dentistry: A bibliometric and critical review of randomized clinical trials","volume":"157","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515623935","article-title":"Probiotic compared with standard milk for high-caries children: A cluster randomized trial","volume":"95","author":"Ruiz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1590\/S1806-83242006000200011","article-title":"Influence of toothbrushing on enamel softening and abrasive wear of eroded bovine enamel: An in situ study","volume":"20","author":"Rios","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. Oral Res."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1159\/000252974","article-title":"Efficacy of an experimental tin-F-containing solution in erosive tissue loss in enamel and dentine in situ","volume":"43","author":"Schlueter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_238","first-page":"192","article-title":"Inhibition of enamel erosion by stannous and fluoride containing rinsing solutions","volume":"123","author":"Rakhmatullina","year":"2013","journal-title":"SMf Z."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000380886","article-title":"The future of fluorides and other protective agents in erosion prevention","volume":"49","author":"Lussi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2008.08.003","article-title":"The increase in plasma nitrite after a dietary nitrate load is markedly attenuated by an antibacterial mouthwash","volume":"19","author":"Govoni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/08037051.2019.1680270","article-title":"Over-the-counter mouthwash use, nitric oxide and hypertension risk","volume":"29","author":"Joshipura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Press."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.013","article-title":"Physiological role for nitrate-reducing oral bacteria in blood pressure control","volume":"55","author":"Kapil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1554700","article-title":"The Effects of Chronic Nitrate Supplementation and the Use of Strong and Weak Antibacterial Agents on Plasma Nitrite Concentration and Exercise Blood Pressure","volume":"36","author":"McDonagh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/2\/319\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:59:25Z","timestamp":1760104765000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/2\/319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"references-count":243,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60020319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60020319","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]}}}