{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:21:58Z","timestamp":1781536918019,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The nature of multilevel lead-related venous stenosis\/occlusion (MLVSO) and its influence on transvenous lead extraction (TLE) as well as long-term survival remains poorly understood. Materials and Methods: A total of 3002 venograms obtained before a TLE were analyzed to identify the risk factors for MLVSO, as well as the procedure effectiveness and long-term survival. Results: An older patient age at the first system implantation (OR = 1.015; p &lt; 0.001), the number of leads in the heart (OR = 1.556; p &lt; 0.001), the placement of the coronary sinus (CS) lead (OR = 1.270; p = 0.027), leads on both sides of the chest (OR = 7.203; p &lt; 0.001), and a previous device upgrade or downgrade with lead abandonment (OR = 2.298; p &lt; 0.001) were the strongest predictors of MLVSO. Conclusions: The presence of MLVSO predisposes patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIED) to the development of infectious complications. Patients with multiple narrowed veins are likely to undergo longer and more complex procedures with complications, and the rates of clinical and procedural success are lower in this group. Long-term survival after a TLE is similar in patients with MLVSO and those without venous obstruction. MLVSO probably better depicts the severity of global venous obstruction than the degree of vein narrowing at only one point.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60020336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T11:23:57Z","timestamp":1708341837000},"page":"336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multilevel Venous Obstruction in Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9732-8349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Czajkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6632-6551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Polewczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Center of Cardiology, 25-736 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1091-9788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Jache\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-0500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Kosior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Masovian Specialist Hospital of Radom, 26-617 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2441-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Nowosielecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Pope John Paul II Province Hospital of Zamo\u015b\u0107, 22-400 Zamo\u015b\u0107, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Tu\u0142ecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Pope John Paul II Province Hospital of Zamo\u015b\u0107, 22-400 Zamo\u015b\u0107, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4106-3804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Stefa\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, The Pope John Paul II Province Hospital of Zamo\u015b\u0107, 22-400 Zamo\u015b\u0107, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3990-1028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej","family":"Kutarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8159.1998.tb00177.x","article-title":"Long-term thrombosis after transvenous permanent pacemaker implantation","volume":"21","author":"Goto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pacing Clin. 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