{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:41:46Z","timestamp":1791362506741,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The mechanisms connecting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and cardiovascular disease are multifactorial, involving intermittent hypoxia, hypercapnia, and sympathetic activation. The aim of this study was to explore the oscillations of sympathetic activity during the sleep apnea episodes throughout the entire night in patients with OSA. Materials and Methods: The participants received whole-night polysomnography (PSG), and electrocardiogram (EKG) data from the PSG were collected for heart rate variability (HRV) analysis. HRV measurements were conducted in the time and frequency domains. The root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD), which reflects parasympathetic activity, and the ratio of the absolute power of the low-frequency band (0.04\u20130.15 Hz) to the absolute power of the high-frequency band (0.015\u20130.4 Hz) (LF\/HF ratio), which indicates sympathetic activity, were computed. Results: A total of 43 participants (35 men and 8 women) were included in the analysis. The mean age of the participants was 44.1 \u00b1 11.3 years old, and the mean BMI was 28.6 \u00b1 5.4 kg\/m2. The sleep apnea episodes throughout the entire night in patients with OSA were selected randomly and occurred most frequently during the non-REM stages (39, 90.7%). The selected sleep apnea episodes typically exhibited multiple apneas, often interrupted by snoring respiration and followed by hyperventilation at the end of the episode (HE). Our findings indicate that the centers of the 5 min HRV window for the lowest and highest LF\/HF ratios, at 111.8 \u00b1 88.2 and 117.4 \u00b1 88.6 min after sleep onset, respectively, showed a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001). Similarly, the ratios of the lowest and highest LF\/HF, at 0.82 \u00b1 0.56 and 3.53 \u00b1 2.94, respectively, exhibited a statistically significant difference (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: In the current study, the selected sleep apnea episodes throughout the entire night in patients with OSA occurred primarily during the non-REM stages. Additionally, we observed that sympathetic activity reached its peak in the window that includes hyperventilation at the end stage of apnea, potentially posing a cardiovascular risk. However, additional studies are needed to validate these results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T03:30:26Z","timestamp":1708572626000},"page":"366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Surge of Sympathetic Activity during Hyperventilation at the End of Apnea for Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jui-Kun","family":"Chiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, No. 2, Minsheng Road, Dalin, Chiayi 622, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Chang","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nature Dental Clinic, Nantou 545, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsueh-Hsin","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yee-Hsin","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Tainan Municipal Hospital (Managed by Show Chwan Medical Care Corporation), 670 Chung-Te Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00051-X","article-title":"On the cutting edge of obstructive sleep apnoea: Where next?","volume":"3","author":"Malhotra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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