{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:01:11Z","timestamp":1791914471770,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":205,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D has important anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial properties and plays a central role in the host immune response. Due to the crucial role of the kidneys in the metabolism of vitamin D, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to vitamin D deficiency. The resultant reduction in the production of calcitriol, the activated form of vitamin D, in patients with CKD is responsible for exacerbating the existing renal impairment and periodontal inflammation. Recent evidence suggests a bidirectional, causal relationship between periodontitis and renal functional status. Both conditions have shared pathophysiological mechanisms including oxidative stress, increases in the systemic inflammatory burden and impaired host response. This review explores the association between vitamin D, CKD and periodontitis. The review summarises the current evidence base for the classical and non-classical vitamin D metabolic pathways, the biological mechanisms linking vitamin D deficiency, CKD and periodontitis, as well as the bidirectional relationship between the two chronic inflammatory conditions. Finally, the paper explores the impact of vitamin D deficiency on CKD, periodontitis, and related co-morbidities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T08:13:44Z","timestamp":1709194424000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency, Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Imaan","family":"Ganimusa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7074-1846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily Ming-Chieh","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1111\/jre.13083","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in periodontal health and disease","volume":"58","author":"Lu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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