{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T22:25:04Z","timestamp":1792880704957,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Despite the increasing use of biomarkers, differentiation between Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), behavioral variant Frontotemporal Dementia (bvFTD), and Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) remains a challenge. Apraxia is a supportive feature for diagnosing AD but is underrepresented in other dementia types. Herein, we investigated the presence and characteristic profiles of limb, verbal, and non-verbal apraxia in three major dementia types. Materials and Methods: Test for Upper Limb Apraxia (TULIA) and Apraxia Battery for Adults\u20142 (ABA-2) were administered in patients with AD (n = 22), bvFTD (n = 41), and PPA (n = 22), with 20 individuals serving as healthy controls (HC). Composite and subdomain scores were compared between each patient group and the HC. Praxis profiles indicative of each dementia type and a possible predictive value were sought. Results: Apraxia provided high diagnostic accuracy for detecting dementia compared with HC (sensitivity: 63.6\u2013100%, specificity: 79.2\u2013100%). Patients with AD performed worse when imitating intransitive gestures as well as pantomiming transitive gestures (mean differences: 2.10 and 3.12, respectively), compared with bvFTD. PPA patients, compared with bvFTD, had comparable results in limb, verbal, and non-verbal praxis assessments, despite the greater deterioration in the outcome. Compared with patients with AD, PPA had increased pathological outcomes in verbal (86.4% vs. 40.9%) and non-verbal apraxia (31.8% vs. 0%), while bvFTD had increased pathological outcomes in verbal apraxia (85.4% vs. 44.5%). Finally, apraxia is correlated with cognitive decline. Conclusions: Apraxia profile evaluation could contribute to the differentiation between AD and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). Both TULIA and ABA-2 are reliable tools that can be performed as bed-side tests in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]],"date-time":"2024-03-06T04:03:50Z","timestamp":1709697830000},"page":"435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Apraxia Patterns for the Differentiation between Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia Variants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Georgios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, 401 Military Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4300-2826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Parissis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gotzamani-Psarrakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0254-6624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital of Thessaloniki, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6","article-title":"Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants","volume":"76","author":"Hillis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000606","article-title":"Apraxia, Neglect, and Agnosia","volume":"24","author":"Coslett","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Elliot, D. (1996). Manual Asymmetries in Motor Performance, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308773","article-title":"Apraxia profile differentiates behavioural variant frontotemporal from Alzheimer\u2019s dementia in mild disease stages","volume":"86","author":"Johnen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03173.x","article-title":"Adaptation of Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination-Revised for the Greek population","volume":"18","author":"Konstantinopoulou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3907","article-title":"Behavioral disturbances differentiate frontotemporal lobar degeneration subtypes and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Evidence from the Frontal Behavioral Inventory","volume":"28","author":"Konstantinopoulou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181e04070","article-title":"Clinical staging and disease progression in frontotemporal dementia","volume":"74","author":"Mioshi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-018-1292-6","article-title":"SPECT and PET imaging in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Valotassiou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Archer, H.A., Smailagic, N., John, C., Holmes, R.B., Takwoingi, Y., Coulthard, E.J., and Cullum, S. (2015). Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography for detection of Frontotemporal dementia in people with suspected dementia (Review). Cohrane Libr. Cohrane Database Syst. Rev., 6.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010896.pub2"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2015151516","article-title":"STARD 2015: An updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies","volume":"277","author":"Bossuyt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2009.02741.x","article-title":"Comprehensive assessment of gesture production: A new test of upper limb apraxia (TULIA)","volume":"17","author":"Vanbellingen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"2010","article-title":"The Apraxia battery for Adults\u20142 (ABA-2). (A second pilot study and validation of the test in aphasic Greek population)","volume":"9","author":"Tafiadis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"3","article-title":"Preliminary validation of the apraxia battery for adults-second edition (ABA-2) in Greek patients with dementia","volume":"1","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"363","article-title":"Apraxia profiles\u2014A single cognitive marker to discriminate all variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer\u2019 s disease","volume":"10","author":"Johnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.03.023","article-title":"Limb and face apraxias in frontotemporal dementia: A systematic scoping review","volume":"129","author":"Yliranta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2014.05.004","article-title":"Primary progressive aphasia: Linguistic patterns and clinical variants","volume":"135","author":"Silveri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.150817","article-title":"Apraxias in neurodegenerative dementias","volume":"37","author":"Chandra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.07.019","article-title":"Cerebral correlates of Imitation of Intransitive Gestures: An Integrative Review of Neuroimaging Data and Brain Lesion Studies","volume":"95","author":"Lesourd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2003.12.002","article-title":"The neural bases of complex tool use in humans","volume":"8","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150447","article-title":"Dementia Apraxia Test (DATE): A brief tool to differentiate behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer\u2019s dementia based on apraxia profiles","volume":"49","author":"Johnen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.948389","article-title":"Limb apraxia and verb processing in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Cotelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00892","article-title":"Behavioral, computational, and neuroimaging studies of acquired apraxia of speech","volume":"8","author":"Ballard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/3\/435\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:09:52Z","timestamp":1760105392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/3\/435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60030435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60030435","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,6]]}}}