{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:43:24Z","timestamp":1778546604004,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation plays a key role in the induction of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Inflammatory choroidal neovascularization (iCNV) is a severe but uncommon complication of both infectious and non-infectious uveitides. It is hypothesized that its pathogenesis is similar to that of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and involves hypoxia as well as the release of vascular endothelial growth factor, stromal cell-derived factor 1-alpha, and other mediators. Inflammatory CNV develops when inflammation or infection directly involves the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)\u2013Bruch\u2019s membrane complex. Inflammation itself can compromise perfusion, generating a gradient of retinal\u2013choroidal hypoxia that additionally promotes the formation of choroidal neovascularization in the course of uveitis. The development of choroidal neovascularization may be a complication, especially in conditions such as punctate inner choroidopathy, multifocal choroiditis, serpiginous choroiditis, and presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Although the majority of iCNV cases are well defined and appear as the \u201cclassic\u201d type (type 2 lesion) on fluorescein angiography, the diagnosis of iCNV is challenging due to difficulties in differentiating between inflammatory choroiditis lesions and choroidal neovascularization. Modern multimodal imaging, particularly the recently introduced technology of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (noninvasive and rapid imaging modalities), can reveal additional features that aid the diagnosis of iCNV. However, more studies are needed to establish their role in the diagnosis and evaluation of iCNV activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030465","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T03:55:34Z","timestamp":1710215734000},"page":"465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Diagnostic Challenges in Inflammatory Choroidal Neovascularization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7927-6277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabella","family":"Karska-Basta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Pociej-Marciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"\u017buber-\u0141askawiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0943-6575","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Markiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Chrz\u0105szcz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Romanowska-Dixon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2859-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Kubicka-Trz\u0105ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Clinic of Ophthalmology and Ocular Oncology, University Hospital, Kopernika Str. 38, 31-501 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-018-0155-6","article-title":"An update on inflammatory choroidal neovascularization: Epidemiology, multimodal imaging, and management","volume":"8","author":"Agarwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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