{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T09:14:40Z","timestamp":1788340480727,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004564","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-47\/2023-01\/200114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Provincial Secretariat for Higher Education and Scientific Research of Vojvodina","award":["142-451-3531\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["142-451-3531\/2023-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Synthetic cathinones are a group of novel psychoactive substances used as an alternative to classical recreational drugs. As a result of legal prohibitions on older generations of these compounds, new formulations appeared on the drug market. One of them is metaphedrone (3-methylmethcathinone, 3-MMC), a structural isomer of 4-methylmethcathinone and a psychostimulant drug. Metaphedrone became popular in a large number of countries in a short period of time. The aim: The collection, analysis, and review of relevant research on the subject of metaphedrone in order to present information about the pharmacological, clinical, and toxicological profile of this compound. An assessment of the significance and role of metaphedrone in consumption patterns of novel psychoactive substances among recreational drug users. Methodology: By using search engines like Google Scholar and PubMed, the relevant literature on metaphedrone was looked for and analyzed. The search was not limited to a specific period of time. All information regarding the compound of interest was analyzed and presented. Key results and discussion: All novel psychoactive substances are abused due to their pronounced stimulatory, hallucinogenic, dissociative, and euphoric and\/or relaxing characteristics. Users of 3-methylmethcathinone usually opt for this substance for recreational purposes and\/or sexual stimulation. Metaphedrone has the potential to cause a psychological dependence to the users. It was determined in relevant studies that most users are from 17 to 50 years of age. Older users usually administer metaphedrone intravenously, while younger ones usually choose snorting and oral ingestion of the drug. In Serbia, metaphedrone is a legally controlled substance. The pharmacodynamic properties make metaphedrone similar to classical recreational drugs. The method of administration, mainly repeated administration in a single session, could be explained using the pharmacokinetic profile of the drug. The most reported symptoms of intoxication were those of a sympathomimetic nature, such as tachycardia, chest pain, hypertension, diaphoresis, and agitation. Most intoxications and fatal outcomes occurred to users who combined several psychoactive substances. The correlation between measured blood concentrations of the drug and outcomes of intoxication was not found. The mechanisms of metaphedrone\u2019s toxicity are not fully understood. Conclusions: There is an increasing trend of abuse of metaphedrone among recreational drugs users. Future studies should focus on pharmacological and toxicological effects of metaphedrone on animals and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]],"date-time":"2024-03-12T12:17:16Z","timestamp":1710245836000},"page":"466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Metaphedrone (3-Methylmethcathinone): Pharmacological, Clinical, and Toxicological Profile"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Igor","family":"Kele\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana-Marija","family":"Vejnovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Psychiatry, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8567-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovan","family":"Javorac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nemanja","family":"Gvozdenovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergeny Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nata\u0161a","family":"Janji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vesna","family":"Mijatovi\u0107 Jovin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.11.024","article-title":"The novel psychoactive substance 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC or metaphedrone): A Review","volume":"295","author":"Ferreira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. 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