{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T08:33:23Z","timestamp":1793349203903,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders are increasingly common in modern society and lead to significant challenges for people\u2019s health and well-being. Some studies suggests that men and women differ in neurohormonal secretion, biological processes, and brain morphology. Thus, such differences may affect the etiology, manifestation, and course of sleep disorders, including insomnia and circadian rhythm. This systematic review aims to synthesize the existing literature on sex differences in insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders. PubMed, MEDLINE, Epistemonikos, and Cochrane databases were searched for articles published from inception until 5 September 2023, not older than five years. We performed a systematic search using MESH and non-MESH queries: (sex differences) or (male and female differences) or (men and women differences) or (men and women) AND (insomnia) or (sleep wake disorder*) or (sleep wake rhythm disorder*) or (circadian rhythm disorder*) or (sleep cycle disruption) or (sleep cycle disorder*). Out off 2833 articles screened, 11 studies were included. The prevalence of insomnia is higher among women, and their sleep is more regular and stable compared to men. Studies evaluating the impact of the stressful situation associated with the lockdown on women\u2019s and men\u2019s insomnia present discordant results concerning sex differences. Women\u2019s circadian rhythm was found to be more stable and less fragmented than men\u2019s. However, the progression of peak activity time with age was more pronounced in men. The current literature suggests that risk factors for insomnia and circadian rhythm disorders affect men and women differently. These include cerebrovascular and cardiometabolic factors, shift work, and infections. The long-term effects of insomnia seem to be more relevant for the male sex, shortening lifespan more than in women. By summarizing and analyzing existing studies, we highlight the need for further research to improve understanding of the interaction between sex and sleep.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T13:23:11Z","timestamp":1710336191000},"page":"474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Sex Differences in Insomnia and Circadian Rhythm Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Evelina","family":"Paj\u0117dien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Eiveni\u0173 g. 2, 50161 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vilt\u0117","family":"Urbonavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevi\u010diaus g. 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vita","family":"Ramanauskait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevi\u010diaus g. 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Strazdauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, A. Mickevi\u010diaus g. 9, 44307 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-8824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambra","family":"Stefani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstra\u00dfe 35, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.193","article-title":"Insomnia","volume":"309","author":"Buysse","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.1.37","article-title":"Trends in the prevalence of short sleepers in the USA: 1975-2006","volume":"33","author":"Knutson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00879-0","article-title":"Insomnia","volume":"400","author":"Perlis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.02.003","article-title":"Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders in Older Adults","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. 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