{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:44:08Z","timestamp":1790192648393,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by challenges in communication, social interactions, and repetitive behaviors. Although the factors that influence the development of this condition are unknown, certain chemical compounds such as pesticides have been proposed as possible contributors. Due to the lack of an established causal link between pesticide exposure and ASD, this study aimed to evaluate this potential association. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was carried out to ascertain the prevalence and risk associated with ASD in relation to pesticide exposure over a 21-year study period (2000\u20132021). Results: We included 2821 individuals diagnosed with ASD residing in areas of both high and low pesticide exposure in southern Spain. There was a rise in the ASD prevalence rate in regions with elevated pesticide use when compared to regions with low use [odds ratio (OR): 1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI), (1.24\u20131.44)]. Notably, men had the highest likelihood, with an OR: 1.42, 95% CI, (1.30\u20131.55). Furthermore, after performing multiple binary logistic regression adjusted for age, sex, and geographical area, males exhibited a higher likelihood compared to females [OR: 2.41, 95% CI, (2.21\u20132.62)]. Conclusions: Overall, this research suggests a connection between heightened environmental pesticide exposure due to increased agricultural use and autism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60030479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T05:43:08Z","timestamp":1710394988000},"page":"479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Exposure to Environmental Pesticides and the Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Population-Based Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5966-0498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Rom\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group CTS-1114 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9037-6439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristofer","family":"Ruiz-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group CTS-1114 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"Torrec\u00e1rdenas University Hospital, Calle Hermandad de Donantes de Sangre, s\/n, 04009 Almeria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0151-8018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lola","family":"Rueda-Ruzafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"Research Group CTS-1114 Health Sciences, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-3598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana","family":"Cardona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8305-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar","family":"Requena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2220-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raquel","family":"Alarc\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"},{"name":"Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Carretera Sacramento s\/n, La Ca\u00f1ada, 04120 Almeria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2","article-title":"Autism spectrum disorder","volume":"392","author":"Lord","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2015.09.005","article-title":"DSM-V Changes for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Implications for Diagnosis, Management, and Care Coordination for Children with ASDs","volume":"30","author":"Lobar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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