{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:19:28Z","timestamp":1793726368522,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: This study aimed to examine the responsiveness and concurrent validity of a serious game and its correlation between the use of serious games and upper limbs (UL) performance in Parkinson\u2019s Disease (PD) patients. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four consecutive upper limbs (14 males, 8 females, age: 55\u201383 years) of PD patients were assessed. The clinical assessment included: the Box and Block test (BBT), Nine-Hole Peg test (9HPT), and sub-scores of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating-Scale Motor section (UPDRS-M) to assess UL disability. Performance scores obtained in two different tests (Ex. A and Ex. B, respectively, the Trolley test and Mushrooms test) based on leap motion (LM) sensors were used to study the correlations with clinical scores. Results: The subjective fatigue experienced during LM tests was measured by the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE, 0\u201310); the BBT and 9HPT showed the highest correlation coefficients with UPDRS-M scores (ICCs: \u22120.652 and 0.712, p &lt; 0.05). Exercise A (Trolley test) correlated with UPDRS-M (ICC: 0.31, p &lt; 0.05), but not with the 9HPT and BBT tests (ICCs: \u22120.447 and 0.390, p &lt; 0.05), while Exercise B (Mushroom test) correlated with UPDRS-M (ICC: \u22120.40, p &lt; 0.05), as did these last two tests (ICCs: \u22120.225 and 0.272, p &lt; 0.05). The mean RPE during LM tests was 3.4 \u00b1 3.2. The evaluation of upper limb performance is feasible and does not induce relevant fatigue. Conclusions: The analysis of the ICC supports the use of Test B to evaluate UL disability and performance in PD patients, while Test A is mostly correlated with disability. Specifically designed serious games on LM can serve as a method of impairment in the PD population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60040555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,4]],"date-time":"2024-04-04T11:11:09Z","timestamp":1712229069000},"page":"555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Virtual Reality-Based Assessment for Rehabilitation of the Upper Limb in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Luciano","family":"Bissolotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Teresa Camplani Casa di Cura Domus Salutis, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justo","family":"Artiles-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, C\/Inocencio Garc\u00eda 1, 38300 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6144-3209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Lu\u00eds","family":"Alonso-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, C\/Inocencio Garc\u00eda 1, 38300 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Canarias, 38300 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Onelife Center, Multidisciplinary Pain Treatment Center, 28925 Alcorc\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1314-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josu\u00e9","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Carnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28032 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Multidisciplinar de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tratamiento del Dolor, Grupo de Excelencia Investigadora URJC-Banco de Santander, 28922 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Motion in Brains Research Group, Institute of Neuroscience and Movement Sciences (INCIMOV), Centro Superior de Estudios Universitarios La Salle, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Hospital Institute for Health Research, IdiPAZ, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanesa","family":"Abu\u00edn-Porras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3692-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Sinatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3239-7626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Hugo","family":"Villafa\u00f1e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"},{"name":"Musculoskeletal Pain and Motor Control Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25945","article-title":"The Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pringsheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. 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