{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T22:09:01Z","timestamp":1785190141942,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713916800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The interspace between the popliteal artery and the posterior capsule of the knee (iPACK) block has been widely used in perioperative settings to control posterior knee pain and can additionally be used for chronic knee pain. In this cadaveric study, we aimed to investigate the needle tip position and its proximity to the articular branch of the tibial nerve (ABTN) during an iPACK-targeted radiofrequency procedure. Materials and Methods: An ultrasound-guided iPACK block was performed on 20 knees of 10 cadavers. We injected 0.1 mL each of blue and green gelatinous dye near the tibial artery (point A) and posterior knee capsule (point B), respectively, and evaluated the spread of both around the ABTN. For a hypothetical conventional radiofrequency ablation (RFA) lesion (diameter, 2.95 mm) and cooled RFA lesion (diameter, 4.9 mm), we counted the number of specimens in which the ABTNs would be captured. Results: The percentage of specimens in which the ABTN would be captured by a cooled RFA lesion was 64.71% at point A and 43.75% at point B (p = 0.334). Meanwhile, the percentage of specimens in which the ABTN would be captured by a conventional RFA lesion was 58.82% from point A and 25% from point B (p = 0.065). Conclusions: When performing an RFA-based iPACK block, the needle tip may be positioned either lateral to the tibial artery or in the space between the posterior knee capsule and the tibial artery. However, more studies with larger samples are needed to verify these results before the clinical use of this procedure can be recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]],"date-time":"2024-04-24T03:56:31Z","timestamp":1713930991000},"page":"689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Investigation of Optimal Needle Position for Radiofrequency Ablation-Based Blockade of Interspace between the Popliteal Artery and the Posterior Capsule of the Knee: A Cadaveric Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Jiyoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hwa Yong","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1932-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In-Beom","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8787-0372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bae Wook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8990-1213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"U-Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Catholic Institute for Applied Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3775-1794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hue Jung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.029","article-title":"Radiofrequency treatment relieves chronic knee osteoarthritis pain: A double-blind randomized controlled trial","volume":"152","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000516","article-title":"Anatomic and Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Knee Sensory Innervation: A Cadaveric Study to Determine Anatomic Targets in the Treatment of Chronic Knee Pain","volume":"42","author":"Vallejo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg. 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