{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T01:50:46Z","timestamp":1781229046981,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]],"date-time":"2024-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital Research Program","award":["CMRPG8M0661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPG8M0661"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hearing loss has been recognized as a risk factor for dementia and non-motor features of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). The apolipoprotein E (APOE) protein contributes to maintenance and repair of neuronal cell membranes, causing age-related disorders. This study aimed to analyze the impact of hearing loss on cognitive impairment, PD severity, and APOE gene expression in these patients. Methods: A total of 72 out-patients diagnosed with either PD or hearing loss were enrolled in this study. The hearing assessment included pure-tone audiometry, speech reception thresholds, and speech discrimination ability. Dementia was assessed by filling out the Clinical Dementia Rating and Mini-Mental State Examination questionnaires. The severity of PD was assessed using the Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale. Blood samples were tested for the gene expression of APOE. Results: Out of the 72 cases, there were 44 males and 28 females, with an average age of 64.4 \u00b1 9.1 years. A total of 41 out of 72 cases had dementia and had a worse hearing threshold than those without dementia (47.1 \u00b1 24.4 vs. 31.7 \u00b1 22.1 dB, p = 0.006). A total of 58 patients were diagnosed with PD, with 14 of them classified as having severe symptoms (Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale &gt; 2). Patients with severe PD were found to have a worse hearing threshold (49.6 \u00b1 28.3 vs. 30.3 \u00b1 17.8 dB, p = 0.028) and higher prevalence of dementia (12\/14 vs. 18\/44, p = 0.006). Among 10 individuals with the APOE \u03b54 gene, the prevalence of dementia was higher than those without the \u03b54 allele (9\/10 vs. 32\/62, p = 0.036). Conclusions: Hearing loss is common in severe PD and in dementia patients. Severe PD has a negative impact on the hearing threshold and cognitive dysfunction. Patients with APOE \u03b54 have a higher prevalence of dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050703","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T09:26:02Z","timestamp":1714123562000},"page":"703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Relationship of Hearing Loss to Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Dementia, and APOE Genotype in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9234-9223","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Hung","family":"Cha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6656-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsu-Kung","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9397-0986","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Nung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4055-1686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao-Hui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Wen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4126-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Feng","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, No. 123, Dapi Rd., Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization, WHO (2024, March 13). 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