{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:19:31Z","timestamp":1790731171645,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Training and expertise in regional anaesthesia have increased significantly in tandem with increased interest over the past two decades. This review outlines the most recent advances in regional anaesthesia and focuses on novel areas of interest including fascial plane blocks. Pharmacological advances in the form of the prolongation of drug duration with liposomal bupivacaine are considered. Neuromodulation in the context of regional anaesthesia is outlined as a potential future direction. The growing use of regional anaesthesia outside of the theatre environment and current thinking on managing the rebound plane after regional block regression are also discussed. Recent relevant evidence is summarised, unanswered questions are outlined, and priorities for ongoing investigation are suggested.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T07:04:14Z","timestamp":1714633454000},"page":"735","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Latest Advances in Regional Anaesthesia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4481-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances","family":"Fallon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7325-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneurin","family":"Moorthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, National Orthopaedic Hospital Cappagh\/Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5031-1777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conor","family":"Skerritt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, National Orthopaedic Hospital Cappagh\/Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian G.","family":"Crowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, T12 DC4A Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3922-4397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donal J.","family":"Buggy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Eccles St, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"The ESA-IC Oncoanaesthesiology Research Group and Outcomes Research, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2013.11.001","article-title":"Ultrasound and its evolution in perioperative regional anesthesia and analgesia","volume":"28","author":"Mariano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2022.04.002","article-title":"Multimodal Analgesia","volume":"40","author":"Lirk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0b013e3283625ce3","article-title":"Regional anesthesia for trauma outside the operating theatre","volume":"26","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001048","article-title":"Role of regional anesthesia in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols","volume":"34","author":"Mancel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1676477","article-title":"Pain Management in Enhanced Recovery after Surgery (ERAS) Protocols","volume":"32","author":"Simpson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Colon Rectal Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.10.013","article-title":"Peripheral regional anaesthesia and outcomes: A narrative review of the literature from 2013 to 2023","volume":"132","author":"Admiraal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15321","article-title":"Advancing towards the next frontier in regional anaesthesia","volume":"76","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.08.038","article-title":"Clinical impact of fascial plane blocks: Defining the research agenda","volume":"131","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15276","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided fascial plane blocks of the chest wall: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"76","author":"Chin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001922","article-title":"The pathway of injectate spread with the transmuscular quadratus lumborum block: A cadaver study","volume":"125","author":"Dam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005321","article-title":"Fascial plane blocks: More questions than answers?","volume":"132","author":"Black","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2021.110499","article-title":"Believe the hype? An evaluation of Twitter activity and publication trends related to the erector spinae plane block","volume":"75","author":"Geraldini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2021.06.029","article-title":"Efficacy of erector spinae plane block for analgesia in thoracic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Koo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15164","article-title":"Efficacy of erector spinae plane block for analgesia in breast surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Leong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"308","article-title":"Erector spinae plane block: A systematic qualitative review","volume":"85","author":"Bonvicini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerva Anestesiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2020.109900","article-title":"Erector spinae plane block for postoperative analgesia in breast and thoracic surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000451","article-title":"The erector spinae plane block: A novel analgesic technique in thoracic neuropathic pain","volume":"41","author":"Forero","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65172-0","article-title":"Does erector spinae plane block have a visceral analgesic effect?: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.01.012","article-title":"Erector spinae plane block: The ultimate \u2018plan A\u2019block?","volume":"130","author":"Pawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e163","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000004187","article-title":"Unpredictable injectate spread of the erector spinae plane block in human cadavers","volume":"129","author":"Dautzenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-020-01875-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of the erector spinae plane (ESP) block: A narrative review","volume":"68","author":"Jinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14408","article-title":"Comparison of injectate spread and nerve involvement between retrolaminar and erector spinae plane blocks in the thoracic region: A cadaveric study","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"756","article-title":"Erector spinae plane block versus retrolaminar block: A magnetic resonance imaging and anatomical study","volume":"43","author":"Adhikary","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s40138-022-00249-w","article-title":"Regional anesthesia in the emergency department: An overview of common nerve block techniques and recent literature","volume":"10","author":"Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Emerg. Hosp. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/EJA.0000000000001600","article-title":"Regional anaesthesia in patients on antithrombotic drugs: Joint ESAIC\/ESRA guidelines","volume":"39","author":"Kietaibl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Anaesthesiol. | EJA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aoa.0000552901.03545.fb","article-title":"Regional anesthesia in the patient receiving antithrombotic or thrombolytic therapy: American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Evidence-Based Guidelines","volume":"39","author":"Horlocker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet. Anesth. Dig."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.06.020","article-title":"Comparing erector spinae plane block with serratus anterior plane block for minimally invasive thoracic surgery: A randomised clinical trial","volume":"125","author":"Finnerty","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa101","article-title":"A randomized trial to compare serratus anterior plane block and erector spinae plane block for pain management following thoracoscopic surgery","volume":"21","author":"Ekinci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15488","article-title":"A randomised trial of bilateral erector spinae plane block vs. no block for thoracolumbar decompressive spinal surgery","volume":"76","author":"Finnerty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.07.051","article-title":"Postoperative recovery with continuous erector spinae plane block or video-assisted paravertebral block after minimally invasive thoracic surgery: A prospective, randomised controlled trial","volume":"130","author":"Moorthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"CD011344","article-title":"Automated mandatory bolus versus basal infusion for maintenance of epidural analgesia in labour","volume":"5","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-022-06726-7","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided, continuous erector spinae plane (ESP) block in minimally invasive thoracic surgery-comparing programmed intermittent bolus (PIB) vs continuous infusion on quality of recovery and postoperative respiratory function: A double-blinded randomised controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Eochagain","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2019.07.002","article-title":"The effect of ultrasound-guided intercostal nerve block, single-injection erector spinae plane block and multiple-injection paravertebral block on postoperative analgesia in thoracoscopic surgery: A randomized, double-blinded, clinical trial","volume":"59","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"157","article-title":"Living versus cadaver fascial plane injection","volume":"45","author":"Behr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2020.110063","article-title":"Erector spinae plane block: A narrative review with systematic analysis of the evidence pertaining to clinical indications and alternative truncal blocks","volume":"68","author":"Saadawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14768","article-title":"Future directions in regional anaesthesia: Not just for the cognoscenti","volume":"75","author":"Turbitt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-103837","article-title":"Role of neuromodulation in acute pain settings","volume":"48","author":"Tsui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.10.010","article-title":"Glossary of neurostimulation terminology: A collaborative neuromodulation foundation, institute of neuromodulation, and international neuromodulation society project","volume":"25","author":"North","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.12208","article-title":"The appropriate use of neurostimulation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system for the treatment of chronic pain and ischemic diseases: The Neuromodulation Appropriateness Consensus Committee","volume":"17","author":"Deer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromodul. Technol. Neural Interface"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2050-7_8","article-title":"Neuromodulation for pain management","volume":"1101","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Interface Front. Appl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003532","article-title":"Cryoneurolysis and percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation to treat acute pain: A narrative review","volume":"133","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2018-100121","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation: Neuromodulation of the suprascapular nerve and brachial plexus for postoperative analgesia following ambulatory rotator cuff repair. A proof-of-concept study","volume":"44","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000819","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation: Neuromodulation of the sciatic nerve for postoperative analgesia following ambulatory foot surgery, a proof-of-concept study","volume":"43","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000481","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for postoperative analgesia: Could neurostimulation replace continuous peripheral nerve blocks?","volume":"41","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"95","article-title":"Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation (neuromodulation) for postoperative pain: A randomized, sham-controlled pilot study","volume":"135","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ong Sio, L.C., Hom, B., Garg, S., and Abd-Elsayed, A. (2023). Mechanism of action of peripheral nerve stimulation for chronic pain: A narrative review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054540"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2018-0094","article-title":"Percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation for acute postoperative pain","volume":"9","author":"Gabriel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1097\/00132586-196704000-00002","article-title":"Pain mechanisms: A new theory","volume":"11","author":"Melzack","year":"1967","journal-title":"Surv. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.12.010","article-title":"Constructing and deconstructing the gate theory of pain","volume":"155","author":"Mendell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa164","article-title":"Mechanism of Peripheral Nerve Stimulation in Chronic Pain","volume":"21","author":"Lin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000661","article-title":"Effects of spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation reflected in sensory profiles and endogenous pain modulation","volume":"35","author":"Wiegand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"14","article-title":"The role of neurostimulation in the treatment of neuropathic pain","volume":"1","author":"Rejdak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3699.971","article-title":"Pain Mechanisms: A New Theory: A gate control system modulates sensory input from the skin before it evokes pain perception and response","volume":"150","author":"Melzack","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12523","article-title":"Infection rates of electrical leads used for percutaneous neurostimulation of the peripheral nervous system","volume":"17","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-021-00962-3","article-title":"Mechanism of action of peripheral nerve stimulation","volume":"25","author":"Strand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deer, T.R., Naidu, R., Strand, N., Sparks, D., Abd-Elsayed, A., Kalia, H., Hah, J.M., Mehta, P., Sayed, D., and Gulati, A. (2020). A review of the bioelectronic implications of stimulation of the peripheral nervous system for chronic pain conditions. Bioelectron. Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s42234-020-00045-5"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15245","article-title":"Local anaesthetic adjuncts for peripheral regional anaesthesia: A narrative review","volume":"76","author":"Desai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0b013e3182580fd0","article-title":"Randomized study of the effect of local anesthetic volume and concentration on the duration of peripheral nerve blockade","volume":"37","author":"Fredrickson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e101","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14868","article-title":"Advances in regional anaesthesia and acute pain management: A narrative review","volume":"75","author":"Albrecht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2019.07.012","article-title":"Liposomal bupivacaine and novel local anesthetic formulations","volume":"33","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Biosciences, P. (2024, March 14). Pacira Announces FDA Approval of Expanded Exparel Label to Include Two Additional Nerve Block Indications. Available online: https:\/\/investor.pacira.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/pacira-announces-fda-approval-expanded-exparel-label-include-two#:~:text=(NASDAQ%3A%20PCRX)%2C%20the,liposome%20injectable%20suspension)%20label%20to."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003658","article-title":"Liposomal Bupivacaine: Effective, Cost-effective, or (Just) Costly?","volume":"134","author":"McCann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002386","article-title":"Liposomal bupivacaine infiltration for knee arthroplasty: Significant analgesic benefits or just a bunch of fat?","volume":"129","author":"Ilfeld","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1097\/AAP.0000000000000560","article-title":"Addition of liposome bupivacaine to bupivacaine HCl versus bupivacaine HCl alone for interscalene brachial plexus block in patients having major shoulder surgery","volume":"42","author":"Vandepitte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003651","article-title":"Perineural liposomal bupivacaine is not superior to nonliposomal bupivacaine for peripheral nerve block analgesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"134","author":"Hussain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002220","article-title":"Fascia iliaca blocks performed in the emergency department decrease opioid consumption and length of stay in patients with hip fracture","volume":"36","author":"Kolodychuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14178","article-title":"Regional nerve blockade for early analgesic management of elderly patients with hip fracture\u2013a narrative review","volume":"73","author":"Scurrah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Faculty of Pain Medicine of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (2021). Core Standards for Pain Management Services in the UK, Faculty of Pain Medicine of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. [2nd ed.]. Available online: https:\/\/fpm.ac.uk\/sites\/fpm\/files\/documents\/2022-01\/FPM-Core-Standards-Dec-2021_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabbri, A., Voza, A., Riccardi, A., Serra, S., and Iaco, F.D. (2023). The pain management of trauma patients in the emergency department. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12093289"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X211018211","article-title":"The opioid epidemic from the acute care hospital front line","volume":"50","author":"Macintyre","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaesth. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-103662","article-title":"Incidence of persistent opioid use following traumatic injury","volume":"49","author":"Mauck","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2019.04.020","article-title":"Clinical management of rib fractures and methods for prevention of pulmonary complications: A review","volume":"50","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2004.05.019","article-title":"Epidural analgesia improves outcome after multiple rib fractures","volume":"136","author":"Bulger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e938875","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.938875","article-title":"Thoracic Epidural as a Rescue Analgesic in a Patient with a Continuous Erector Spinae Plane Block for Rib Fractures: A Case Report","volume":"24","author":"Coblentz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002113","article-title":"Analgesic choice in management of rib fractures: Paravertebral block or epidural analgesia?","volume":"124","author":"Malekpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2022.110940","article-title":"The association between erector spinae plane block timing and reduced rib fracture related respiratory complications: A cohort study","volume":"82","author":"Mladenovic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14579","article-title":"The effect of erector spinae plane block on respiratory and analgesic outcomes in multiple rib fractures: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"74","author":"Adhikary","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moorthy, A., Perry-Nguyen, D., Zhou, L., Meng, H., Choi, S., and Niazi, A.U. (Reg. Anesth. Pain Med., 2023). Evaluation of the effect of erector spinae plane block catheter for traumatic rib fractures on patient experience: A quality assurance initiative, Reg. Anesth. Pain Med.","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2023-104549"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4103\/roaic.roaic_64_21","article-title":"Erector spinae plane block versus thoracic epidural block as analgesic techniques for chest trauma: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Kamal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Opin. Anesth. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e062935","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-062935","article-title":"Erector Spinae Plane Blocks for the Early Analgesia of Rib Fractures in Trauma (ESPEAR): Protocol for a multicentre pilot randomised controlled trial with feasibility and embedded qualitative assessment","volume":"12","author":"Hewson","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rommens, P.M., Hopf, J.C., Herteleer, M., Devlieger, B., Hofmann, A., and Wagner, D. (2020). Isolated pubic ramus fractures are serious adverse events for elderly persons: An observational study on 138 patients with fragility fractures of the pelvis type I (FFP type I). J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082498"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"w13859","article-title":"Pubic rami fractures in the elderly\u2013a neglected injury?","volume":"143","author":"Studer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Swiss Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15536","article-title":"Impact of the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block on postoperative analgesia and functional recovery following total hip arthroplasty: A randomised, observer-masked, controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Pascarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2020-102315","article-title":"Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block provides improved short-term analgesia compared with the femoral nerve block in hip fracture surgery: A single-center double-blinded randomized comparative trial","volume":"46","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"859","article-title":"Pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block for hip fracture","volume":"43","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2022-104151","article-title":"Novel use of continuous pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block technique for traumatic superior and inferior pubic rami fractures: A case report","volume":"48","author":"Moorthy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761.e2765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.05.085","article-title":"A new frontier in pelvic fracture pain control in the ED: Successful use of the pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block","volume":"38","author":"Luftig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14088","article-title":"Peripheral nerve block in ankle fracture surgery: A qualitative study of patients\u2019 experiences","volume":"73","author":"Henningsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000651","article-title":"Rebound pain after regional anesthesia in the ambulatory patient","volume":"31","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.4097\/kja.20436","article-title":"Managing rebound pain after regional anesthesia","volume":"73","author":"Cubillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000374","article-title":"Continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block versus single injection nerve block for ankle fracture surgery: A prospective randomized comparative trial","volume":"29","author":"Ding","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000436607.40643.0a","article-title":"Continuous interscalene block in patients having outpatient rotator cuff repair surgery: A prospective randomized trial","volume":"117","author":"Salviz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2019.07.015","article-title":"Peripheral nerve catheters: A critical review of the efficacy","volume":"33","author":"Hauritz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001284","article-title":"Continuous peripheral nerve blocks for analgesia following painful ambulatory surgery: A review with focus on recent developments in infusion technology","volume":"36","author":"Finneran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000004189","article-title":"Basal infusion versus automated boluses and a delayed start timer for \u201ccontinuous\u201d sciatic nerve blocks after ambulatory foot and ankle surgery: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"136","author":"Finneran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"e933190-1","article-title":"Automated Boluses and Delayed-Start Timers Prolong Perineural Local Anesthetic Infusions and Analgesia Following Ankle and Wrist Orthopedic Surgery: A Case-Control Series","volume":"27","author":"Finneran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"The European Society of Regional Anaesthesia (2024, March 05). Advancing Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/esraeurope.org\/about\/."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Lobo, C. (2024, March 06). Welcome to ESRA International Committee Members 2021 [Issue 07:[ESRA Updates]. Available online: https:\/\/esraeurope.org\/newsletter\/article-posts\/welcome-esra-international-committee-members\/."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Royal College of Anaesthetists (2024, March 15). Stage 3 Curriculum. Available online: https:\/\/rcoa.ac.uk\/documents\/2021-curriculum-learning-syllabus-stage-3\/regional-anaesthesia."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"College of Anaesthesiologists of Ireland (2024, March 15). Curriculum for the National Specialist Anaesthesiologists Training Programme. Available online: https:\/\/www.anaesthesia.ie\/curriculum\/?page=50."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"A71","article-title":"136 Which blocks can you do? An assessment of anaesthetic trainee confidence performing common peripheral nerve blocks","volume":"70","author":"Luff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reg. Anesth. Pain Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15274","article-title":"The use of artificial intelligence and robotics in regional anaesthesia","volume":"76","author":"McKendrick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.06.031","article-title":"Assistive artificial intelligence for ultrasound image interpretation in regional anaesthesia: An external validation study","volume":"130","author":"Bowness","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15212","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for image interpretation in ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia","volume":"76","author":"Bowness","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/5\/735\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:35:38Z","timestamp":1760106938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/5\/735"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60050735"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60050735","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]}}}