{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T05:27:51Z","timestamp":1790659671274,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agencia Nacional de Promoci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y Tecnol\u00f3gica, Argentina","award":["PICT 2018-03977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PICT 2018-03977"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The key objective in the hemodynamic treatment of septic shock is the optimization of tissue perfusion and oxygenation. This is usually achieved by the utilization of fluids, vasopressors, and inotropes. Dobutamine is the inotrope most commonly recommended and used for this purpose. Despite the fact that dobutamine was introduced almost half a century ago in the treatment of septic shock, and there is widespread use of the drug, several aspects of its pharmacodynamics remain poorly understood. In normal subjects, dobutamine increases contractility and lacks a direct effect on vascular tone. This results in augmented cardiac output and blood pressure, with reflex reduction in systemic vascular resistance. In septic shock, some experimental and clinical research suggest beneficial effects on systemic and regional perfusion. Nevertheless, other studies found heterogeneous and unpredictable effects with frequent side effects. In this narrative review, we discuss the pharmacodynamic characteristics of dobutamine and its physiologic actions in different settings, with special reference to septic shock. We discuss studies showing that dobutamine frequently induces tachycardia and vasodilation, without positive actions on contractility. Since untoward effects are often found and therapeutic benefits are occasional, its profile of efficacy and safety seems low. Therefore, we recommend that the use of dobutamine in septic shock should be cautious. Before a final decision about its prescription, efficacy, and tolerance should be evaluated throughout a short period with narrow monitoring of its wanted and side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T08:42:57Z","timestamp":1714639377000},"page":"751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Effects of Dobutamine in Septic Shock: An Updated Narrative Review of Clinical and Experimental Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3349-5447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Dubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedras de Terapia Intensiva y Farmacolog\u00eda Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, La Plata B1902AGW, Argentina"},{"name":"Sanatorio Otamendi, Azcu\u00e9naga 870, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1115AAB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mat\u00edas","family":"Mugno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanatorio Otamendi, Azcu\u00e9naga 870, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1115AAB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-021-00806-8","article-title":"Current use of inotropes in circulatory shock","volume":"11","author":"Scheeren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000002193","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of vasopressors for septic shock patients: A systemic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-011-2435-6","article-title":"Dobutamine for patients with severe heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"38","author":"Tacon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696138","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.696138","article-title":"Inotrope Use and Intensive Care Unit Mortality in Patients with Cardiogenic Shock: An Analysis of a Large Electronic Intensive Care Unit Database","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12056","article-title":"Association between inotrope treatment and 90-day mortality in patients with septic shock","volume":"57","author":"Wilkman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0885066619892218","article-title":"Effects of Inotropes on the Mortality in Patients with Septic Shock","volume":"36","author":"Sato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Yin, H., Zhang, R., Ye, X., and Wei, J. (2021). The effect of dobutamine in sepsis: A propensity score matched analysis. BMC Infect. Dis., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06852-8"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000233871.52553.CD","article-title":"Heterogeneity and prediction of hemodynamic responses to dobutamine in patients with septic shock","volume":"34","author":"Jellema","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R35","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6814","article-title":"Cardiovascular response to dobutamine stress predicts outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2012.08.002","article-title":"Systemic and microcirculatory effects of dobutamine in patients with septic shock","volume":"27","author":"Enrico","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2024, March 01). Adjunctive DobutAmine in sePtic Cardiomyopathy with Tissue Hypoperfusion (ADAPT), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04166331."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"917","article-title":"Use of dobutamine in the treatment of septic shock","volume":"34","author":"Dupeyron","year":"1977","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"447","article-title":"Alpha and beta adrenergic effects of the stereoisomers of dobutamine","volume":"219","author":"Ruffolo","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"46","article-title":"Vascular effects of the stereoisomers of dobutamine","volume":"224","author":"Ruffolo","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(85)90418-2","article-title":"Systemic hemodynamic effects of dopamine, (\u00b1)-dobutamine and the (+)-and (-)-enantiomers of dobutamine in anesthetized normotensive rats","volume":"109","author":"Ruffolo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.5935\/0103-507X.20170068","article-title":"The spectrum of cardiovascular effects of dobutamine from healthy subjects to septic shock patients","volume":"29","author":"Dubin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Ter. Intensiva"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1978245537","article-title":"Dobutamine pharmacokinetics in severe heart failure","volume":"24","author":"Kates","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199412000-00007","article-title":"Variability in dobutamine pharmacokinetics in unstable critically ill surgical patients","volume":"22","author":"Klem","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14146","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dobutamine in neonates on the first days of life","volume":"86","author":"Hallik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90387-3","article-title":"Tolerance to dobutamine after a 72 hour continuous infusion","volume":"69","author":"Unverferth","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(79)90537-0","article-title":"The relationship between plasma dobutamine concentrations and cardiovascular responses in cardiac failure","volume":"66","author":"Leier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"423","article-title":"Disposition of dobutamine in the dog","volume":"199","author":"Murphy","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00501875","article-title":"Interactions of the enantiomers of 3-O-methyldobutamine with alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors in vitro","volume":"329","author":"Ruffolo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.34.5.663","article-title":"In vivo analysis of adrenergic receptor activity of dobutamine","volume":"34","author":"Robie","year":"1974","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00284","article-title":"Dynamic Arterial Elastance as a Ventriculo-Arterial Coupling Index: An Experimental Animal Study","volume":"11","author":"Jian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2165\/00044011-200828020-00006","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationship of dobutamine and heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output in healthy volunteers","volume":"28","author":"Ahonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80254-9","article-title":"Normal stroke volume and cardiac output response during dobutamine stress echocardiography in subjects without left ventricular wall motion abnormalities","volume":"76","author":"Pellikka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01845777","article-title":"Metabolic heat production and cardiovascular responses to an incremental intravenous infusion of adrenaline in healthy subjects","volume":"4","author":"Maggs","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0690215","article-title":"The effect of adrenaline upon cardiovascular and metabolic functions in man","volume":"69","author":"Fellows","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0820077","article-title":"Metabolic effects of dobutamine in normal man","volume":"82","author":"Green","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/69.3.298","article-title":"Effect of dobutamine on oxygen supply and uptake in healthy volunteers","volume":"69","author":"Bhatt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199504000-00015","article-title":"Metabolic stress modifies the thermogenic effect of dobutamine in man","volume":"23","author":"Uusaro","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.36.1.185","article-title":"Dobutamine: Development of a new catecholamine to selectively increase cardiac contractility","volume":"36","author":"Tuttle","year":"1975","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2010.07.011","article-title":"Dobutamine-norepinephrine, but not vasopressin, restores the ventriculoarterial matching in experimental cardiogenic shock","volume":"156","author":"How","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-198507000-00025","article-title":"Comparative effects of dobutamine and corwin, a \u03b21-adrenergic partial agonist, in experimental left ventricular failure","volume":"7","author":"Yasay","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5198(19)35753-1","article-title":"The effects of dobutamine, propranolol and nitroglycerin on an experimental canine model of congestive heart failure","volume":"65","author":"Kamijo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-6296(89)97507-8","article-title":"Comparison of the effects of amrinone and dobutamine on hemodynamics and myocardial oxygen balance in dogs with experimental left ventricular failure","volume":"3","author":"Fujigaki","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)63953-7","article-title":"A comparison of the hemodynamic effects of inotropic agents","volume":"22","author":"Argenta","year":"1976","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.37.6.629","article-title":"Haemodynamic effects of a new inotropic agent (dobutamine) in chronic cardiac failure","volume":"37","author":"Beregovich","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.39.5.536","article-title":"Comparison of dobutamine and dopamine in treatment of severe heart failure","volume":"39","author":"Stoner","year":"1977","journal-title":"Br. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.284.6309.73","article-title":"Comparison of haemodynamic responses to dobutamine and salbutamol in cardiogenic shock after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"284","author":"Fowler","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198708133170701","article-title":"The effects of vasodilation with prostacyclin on oxygen delivery and uptake in critically Ill patients","volume":"317","author":"Bihari","year":"1987","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340000635","article-title":"Different dosages of dobutamine in septic shock patients: Determining oxygen consumption with a metabolic monitor integrated in a ventilator","volume":"26","author":"Schaffartzik","year":"2000","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.1.8025780","article-title":"Effects of dobutamine on oxygen consumption in septic patients. Direct versus indirect determinations","volume":"150","author":"Moraine","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951016","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.951016","article-title":"Hemodynamic effects and tolerance of dobutamine for myocardial dysfunction during septic shock: An observational multicenter prospective echocardiographic study","volume":"9","author":"Razazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199312000-00014","article-title":"Prognostic value of the dobutamine test in patients with sepsis syndrome and normal lactate values: A prospective, multicenter study","volume":"21","author":"Vallet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199911000-00007","article-title":"A prospective study of the use of a dobutamine stress test to identify outcome in patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock","volume":"27","author":"Rhodes","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.150.2.8049810","article-title":"Effect of dobutamine on oxygen consumption and gastric mucosal pH in septic patients","volume":"150","author":"Gutierrez","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm\/147.1.25","article-title":"Oxygen consumption is independent of increases in oxygen delivery by dobutamine in septic patients who have normal or increased plasma lactate","volume":"147","author":"Ronco","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198706000-00014","article-title":"Dopamine compared with dobutamine in experimental septic shock: Relevance to fluid administration","volume":"66","author":"Vincent","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01683192","article-title":"Comparative haemodynamic effects of dopamine and dobutamine in septic shock","volume":"5","author":"Regnier","year":"1979","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198104000-00010","article-title":"Dobutamine: A hemodynamic evaluation in human septic shock","volume":"9","author":"Jardin","year":"1981","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199708000-00026","article-title":"Dobutamine improves gastrointestinal mucosal blood flow in a porcine model of endotoxic shock","volume":"25","author":"Neviere","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.154.6.8970355","article-title":"The contrasting effects of dobutamine and dopamine on gastric mucosal perfusion in septic patients","volume":"154","author":"Mathieu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050986","article-title":"Comparison of systemic and regional effects of dobutamine and dopexamine in norepinephrine-treated septic shock","volume":"25","author":"Levy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.160.6.9708113","article-title":"Effects of dobutamine on gastric mucosal perfusion and hepatic metabolism in patients with septic shock","volume":"160","author":"Joly","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s001340050329","article-title":"Comparison of norepinephrine and dobutamine to epinephrine for hemodynamics, lactate metabolism, and gastric tonometric variables in septic shock: A prospective, randomized study","volume":"23","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199905000-00021","article-title":"Effects of epinephrine, norepinephrine, or the combination of norepinephrine and dobutamine on gastric mucosa in septic shock","volume":"27","author":"Duranteau","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199710000-00013","article-title":"Dobutamine improves the adequacy of gastric mucosal perfusion in epinephrine-treated septic shock","volume":"25","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9441(97)90043-5","article-title":"Dobutamine maintains intestinal villus blood flow during normotensive endotoxemia: An intravital microscopic study in the rat","volume":"12","author":"Secchi","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00886.2016","article-title":"Effects of dobutamine on intestinal microvascular blood flow heterogeneity and O2 extraction during septic shock","volume":"122","author":"Marin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200103000-00023","article-title":"Effects of dobutamine and dopexamine on hepatic micro- and macrocirculation during experimental endotoxemia: An intravital microscopic study in the rat","volume":"29","author":"Secchi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e31829c361d","article-title":"Dobutamine pretreatment improves survival, liver function, and hepatic microcirculation after polymicrobial sepsis in rat","volume":"40","author":"Fink","year":"2013","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000198107.61493.5A","article-title":"The effects of dobutamine on microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock are independent of its systemic effects*","volume":"34","author":"Creteur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1980.tb07917.x","article-title":"A comparison of the cardiovascular effects of dobutamine and a new dopamine derivative (D4975) during shock induced by E. coli endotoxin","volume":"69","author":"McCAIG","year":"1980","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001718","article-title":"The Long-term Effect of Dobutamine on Intrinsic Myocardial Function and Myocardial Injury in Septic Rats with Myocardial Dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1224","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00828.2016","article-title":"Diminished responsiveness to dobutamine as an inotrope in mice with cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis: Attribution to phosphodiesterase 4 upregulation","volume":"312","author":"Sakai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-006-0519-5","article-title":"Effects of levosimendan and dobutamine in experimental acute endotoxemia: A preliminary controlled study","volume":"33","author":"Dubin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200010000-00020","article-title":"Effects of dobutamine on splanchnic tissue perfusion during partial superior mesenteric artery occlusion","volume":"28","author":"Heino","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2018.10.028","article-title":"Dobutamine Versus Vasopressin After Mesenteric Ischemia","volume":"235","author":"Bomberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200405000-00022","article-title":"Effects of dopamine, dobutamine, and dopexamine on microcirculatory blood flow in the gastrointestinal tract during sepsis and anesthesia","volume":"100","author":"Hiltebrand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199406163302404","article-title":"Elevation of systemic oxygen delivery in the treatment of critically ill patients","volume":"330","author":"Hayes","year":"1994","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1404380","article-title":"Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock","volume":"371","author":"Peake","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ProCESS Investigators, Yealy, D.M., Kellum, J.A., Huang, D.T., Barnato, A.E., Weissfeld, L.A., and Pike, F. (2014). A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N. Engl. J. Med., 370, 1683\u20131693.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1401602"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1500896","article-title":"Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock","volume":"372","author":"Mouncey","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-008-1022-y","article-title":"Is myocardial adrenergic responsiveness depressed in human septic shock?","volume":"34","author":"Cariou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-013-2982-0","article-title":"Effects of dobutamine on systemic, regional and microcirculatory perfusion parameters in septic shock: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study","volume":"39","author":"Hernandez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198710000-00006","article-title":"Serial cardiovascular variables in survivors and nonsurvivors of human septic shock: Heart rate as an early predictor of prognosis","volume":"15","author":"Parker","year":"1987","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-015-3748-7","article-title":"Diastolic dysfunction and mortality in septic patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Sanfilippo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0980-z","article-title":"Early dynamic left intraventricular obstruction is associated with hypovolemia and high mortality in septic shock patients","volume":"19","author":"Chauvet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jjcc.2013.01.008","article-title":"Major determinants and possible mechanism of dobutamine-induced left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in patients with a sigmoid ventricular septum","volume":"61","author":"Tano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2009.01089.x","article-title":"Takotsubo cardiomyopathy induced by dobutamine infusion: A new phenomenon or an old disease with a new name","volume":"27","author":"Mosley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"e50390","article-title":"Dobutamine-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Fatima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000457","article-title":"Advances in Vascular Hyporeactivity After Shock: The Mechanisms and Managements","volume":"44","author":"Duan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra002709","article-title":"The pathogenesis of vasodilatory shock","volume":"345","author":"Landry","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000048621.36569.69","article-title":"Cytokines down-regulate \u03b11-adrenergic receptor expression during endotoxemia","volume":"31","author":"Bucher","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12184","article-title":"Effect of disease states on \u03b11-adrenoceptor binding and signal transduction parameters in isolated perfused heart: Quantification by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling","volume":"66","author":"Weiss","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"R1078","article-title":"Phosphorylation of beta-adrenergic receptor leads to its redistribution in rat heart during sepsis","volume":"274","author":"Tang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020526","article-title":"Pharmacogenomics--drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects","volume":"348","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs.14.120","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of cardiac inotropy","volume":"15","author":"Lymperopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705030","article-title":"Greater inotropic and cyclic AMP responses evoked by noradrenaline through Arg389 beta 1-adrenoceptors versus Gly389 beta 1-adrenoceptors in isolated human atrial myocardium","volume":"138","author":"Sandilands","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1097\/00008571-200411000-00001","article-title":"The Arg389Gly beta1-adrenoceptor gene polymorphism determines contractile response to catecholamines","volume":"14","author":"Huntgeburth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pharmacogenetics"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0000000000000174","article-title":"Effects of sex and the common ADRB1 389 genetic polymorphism on the hemodynamic response to dobutamine","volume":"25","author":"Yogev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.041","article-title":"The Arg389Gly beta1-adrenoceptor polymorphism and catecholamine effects on plasma-renin activity","volume":"46","author":"Bruck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4155","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15357","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics may explain part of the interindividual variability of dobutamine pharmacodynamics in neonates","volume":"88","author":"Hallik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009337945","article-title":"Effect of 393T>C polymorphism of GNAS1 gene on dobutamine response in Chinese healthy subjects","volume":"49","author":"Mao","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.tpj.6500490","article-title":"Beta-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms and hemodynamic response to dobutamine during dobutamine stress echocardiography","volume":"8","author":"Aquilante","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacogenom. J."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2012.12.003","article-title":"Ageing is the main determinant of haemodynamics and autonomic cardiac changes observed in post-menopausal female rats","volume":"174","author":"Tezini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.11.052","article-title":"Effects of normal aging on left ventricular lusitropic, inotropic, and chronotropic responses to dobutamine","volume":"47","author":"Hees","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2158","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00086.2003","article-title":"Impact of aging on myocardial metabolic response to dobutamine","volume":"285","author":"Soto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/0735-1097(94)00527-W","article-title":"Cardiac chronotropic responsiveness to beta-adrenoceptor stimulation is not reduced in the elderly","volume":"25","author":"Poldermans","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1469","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00365.2012","article-title":"Left atrial and ventricular function during dobutamine and glycopyrrolate stress in healthy young and elderly as evaluated by cardiac magnetic resonance","volume":"303","author":"Ahtarovski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.2012.0008","article-title":"Aging reduces left atrial performance during adrenergic stress in middle aged and older patients","volume":"19","author":"Jeevanantham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R581","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00040.2022","article-title":"Altered cardiac \u03b21 responsiveness in hyperthermic older adults","volume":"323","author":"Fischer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H129","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00444.2022","article-title":"Assessing systolic and diastolic reserves in male and female mice","volume":"324","author":"Holjak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8175.2007.00487.x","article-title":"Gender differences in chronotropic and hemodynamic responses during dobutamine-atropine stress echocardiography","volume":"24","author":"Tsutsui","year":"2007","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2004.04.076","article-title":"Influence of gender and race on hemodynamic response to dobutamine during dobutamine stress echocardiography","volume":"94","author":"Aquilante","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"412","article-title":"Dobutamine-induced takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A systematic review of the literature and case report","volume":"19","author":"Hajsadeghi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1098","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00324.2013","article-title":"Termination of dobutamine infusion causes transient rebound left heart diastolic dysfunction in healthy elderly women but not in men: A cardiac magnetic resonance study","volume":"305","author":"Ahtarovski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/5\/751\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:37:40Z","timestamp":1760107060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/5\/751"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60050751"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60050751","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]}}}