{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T09:26:26Z","timestamp":1782120386612,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Sarcopenic obesity, a clinical condition coexisting with obesity and sarcopenia, is associated with a high risk of functional impairment, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality. A decline in age-related free testosterone (FT) levels has been reported to be associated with decreased muscle mass and muscle strength and increased fat mass. However, the association between low FT levels and risk of sarcopenic obesity has not been well studied. This study aimed to investigate the direct association between low FT levels and sarcopenic obesity. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study used data of 982 community-dwelling men aged 70\u201384 years from the Korean Frailty and Aging Cohort Study. Sarcopenia was defined according to the criteria of the Asian Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019. Obesity was defined as a body fat mass \u226528.3%. Participants who met both sarcopenia and obesity criteria were defined as having sarcopenic obesity. Low FT levels were defined as FT levels &lt;17.35 pmol\/L according to the Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines. Results: The prevalence of sarcopenia, obesity, and sarcopenic obesity was significantly higher in the low-FT group than in the normal-FT group. Low FT levels were significantly associated with a higher risk of obesity (odds ratio [OR], 2.09, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11\u20133.92), sarcopenia (2.57, 95% CI 1.08\u20136.10), and sarcopenic obesity (3.66, 95% CI 1.58\u20138.47) compared with the healthy control group. The risk of low appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMI) (1.78, 95% CI 1.04\u20133.02) and high fat mass (1.92, 95% CI 1.12\u20133.31) was significantly higher in the low-FT group than in the normal-FT group. Conclusions: This study showed that low FT levels were associated with a higher risk of sarcopenic obesity. Low FT levels were mainly related to body composition parameters such as low ASMI and high fat mass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T08:42:57Z","timestamp":1714639377000},"page":"754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Association of Free Testosterone with Sarcopenic Obesity in Community-Dwelling Older Men: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1519-7945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongmin","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02477, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinmann","family":"Chon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02477, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2088-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myung Chul","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02477, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0475-311X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ga Yang","family":"Shim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02477, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0852-8825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, College of Medicine, East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8368-4900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunsoo","family":"Soh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02477, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6429-4461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang Won","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1159\/000490361","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity: Time to meet the challenge","volume":"11","author":"Barazzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obes. 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