{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T14:39:01Z","timestamp":1794407941959,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The increase in practices related to enhancing penile size can be attributed to the belief that an improved genital appearance contributes to a man\u2019s virility, coupled with an altered self-perception of his body. It is crucial to tailor interventions to meet the genuine needs of patients by thoroughly assessing their history, psychological state, and potential surgical benefits, all while considering the associated risks of complications. This systematic review aims to summarize the available evidence on outcomes, complications, and quality of life after penile augmentation surgery, examining both minimally invasive and more radical techniques. A search of the PubMed and Scopus databases, focusing on English-language papers published in the last 15 years, was performed in December 2023. Papers discussing surgery in animal models and case reports were excluded from the present study unless further evaluated in a follow-up case series. The primary outcomes were changes in penile dimensions, specifically in terms of length and girth, as well as the incidence of surgical complications and the impact on quality of life. A total of 1670 articles were retrieved from the search and 46 were included for analysis. Procedures for penile length perceived enhancements include lipoplasty, skin reconstruction plasty, V-Y and Z plasty, flap reconstruction, scrotoplasty, ventral phalloplasty, and suspensory ligament release; techniques for increasing corporal penile length include penile disassembly, total phalloplasty, and sliding elongation. Finally, penile girth enhancement may be performed using soft tissue fillers, grafting procedures, biodegradable scaffolds, and Penuma\u00ae. In conclusion, while penile augmentation surgeries offer potential solutions for individuals concerned about genital size, the risks and complexities need to be accounted for.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T08:42:57Z","timestamp":1714639377000},"page":"758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Techniques for Penile Augmentation Surgery: A Systematic Review of Surgical Outcomes, Complications, and Quality of Life"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Ugo Giovanni","family":"Falagario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Piramide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Division of Urology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5703-2319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl H.","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9221-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emil","family":"Durukan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, 2730 Herlev, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4619-9783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazaros","family":"Tzelves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Urology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Sismanogleio General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5547-8747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Ricapito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8962-9395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loic","family":"Baekelandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-5608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Checcucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, FPO-IRCCS Candiolo Cancer Institute, 10060 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego M.","family":"Carrion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Torrejon University Hospital, 28850 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Bettocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Kidney Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0108-1864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Esperto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Campus Biomedico University of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac112","article-title":"Motivations and Psychological Characteristics of Men Seeking Penile Girth Augmentation","volume":"42","author":"Sharp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. 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