{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T08:12:40Z","timestamp":1794039160079,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Postoperative air leak (PAL) is a frequent and potentially serious complication following thoracic surgery, characterized by the persistent escape of air from the lung into the pleural space. It is associated with extended hospitalizations, increased morbidity, and elevated healthcare costs. Understanding the mechanisms, risk factors, and effective management strategies for PAL is crucial in improving surgical outcomes. Aim: This review seeks to synthesize all known data concerning PAL, including its etiology, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, and the range of available treatments from conservative measures to surgical interventions, with a special focus on the use of autologous plasma. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search of databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar was conducted for studies and reviews published on PAL following thoracic surgery. The selection criteria aimed to include articles that provided insights into the incidence, mechanisms, risk assessment, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for PAL. Special attention was given to studies detailing the use of autologous plasma in managing this complication. Results: PAL is influenced by a variety of patient-related, surgical, and perioperative factors. Diagnosis primarily relies on clinical observation and imaging, with severity assessments guiding management decisions. Conservative treatments, including chest tube management and physiotherapy, serve as the initial approach, while persistent leaks may necessitate surgical intervention. Autologous plasma has emerged as a promising treatment, offering a novel mechanism for enhancing pleural healing and reducing air leak duration, although evidence is still evolving. Conclusions: Effective management of PAL requires a multifaceted approach tailored to the individual patient\u2019s needs and the specifics of their condition. Beyond the traditional treatment approaches, innovative treatment modalities offer the potential to improve outcomes for patients experiencing PAL after thoracic surgery. Further research is needed to optimize treatment protocols and integrate new therapies into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T10:26:36Z","timestamp":1715682396000},"page":"802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Advancements in the Management of Postoperative Air Leak following Thoracic Surgery: From Traditional Practices to Innovative Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8692-0059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios","family":"Leivaditis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-5446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Skevis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Rhodos, 85133 Rhodos, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7198-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesk","family":"Mulita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Patras University Hospital, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6294-1872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Tsalikidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace Medical School, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasia","family":"Mitsala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace Medical School, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manfred","family":"Dahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Grapatsas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery and Thoracic Endoscopy, Ruhrlandklinik, West German Lung Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, 45239 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Papatriantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Westpfalz Klinikum, 67655 Kaiserslautern, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Markakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, General Hospital of Nicosia, 2031 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Kefaloyannis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glykeria","family":"Christou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Thoracic Surgery, KAT Attica General Hospital, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michail","family":"Pitiakoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace Medical School, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1660-4047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstratios","family":"Koletsis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Patras University Hospital, 26504 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thorsurg.2021.02.005","article-title":"Postoperative Air Leaks After Lung Surgery: Predictors, Intraoperative Techniques, and Postoperative Management","volume":"31","author":"Geraci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorac. 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