{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:06:35Z","timestamp":1790604395847,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]],"date-time":"2024-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2013Next Generation EU","award":["16772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16772"]}]},{"name":"European Union\u2013Next Generation EU","award":["20570"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20570"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with movement disorders such as Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) living in remote and underserved areas often have limited access to specialized healthcare, while the feasibility and reliability of the video-based examination remains unclear. The aim of this narrative review is to examine which parts of remote neurological assessment are feasible and reliable in movement disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that most parts of the video-based neurological examination are feasible, even in the absence of a third party, including stance and gait\u2014if an assistive device is not required\u2014bradykinesia, tremor, dystonia, some ocular mobility parts, coordination, and gross muscle power and sensation assessment. Technical issues (video quality, internet connection, camera placement) might affect bradykinesia and tremor evaluation, especially in mild cases, possibly due to their rhythmic nature. Rigidity, postural instability and deep tendon reflexes cannot be remotely performed unless a trained healthcare professional is present. A modified version of incomplete Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS)-III and a related equation lacking rigidity and pull testing items can reliably predict total UPDRS-III. UPDRS-II, -IV, Timed \u201cUp and Go\u201d, and non-motor and quality of life scales can be administered remotely, while the remote Movement Disorder Society (MDS)-UPDRS-III requires further investigation. In conclusion, most parts of neurological examination can be performed virtually in PD, except for rigidity and postural instability, while technical issues might affect the assessment of mild bradykinesia and tremor. The combined use of wearable devices may at least partially compensate for these challenges in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60060958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T10:45:56Z","timestamp":1718016356000},"page":"958","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Neurological Examination via Telemedicine: An Updated Review Focusing on Movement Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-3384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efthalia","family":"Angelopoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5806-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Koros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5448-3675","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelia","family":"Stanitsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Stamelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dionysia","family":"Kontaxopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Fragkiadaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7835-2706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D.","family":"Papatriantafyllou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelia","family":"Smaragdaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Vourou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimosthenis","family":"Pavlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Topography and Geoinformatics, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Aigalew, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9936-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis D.","family":"Bamidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lab of Medical Physics and Digital Innovation, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3569-8990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonidas","family":"Stefanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8863-3635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sokratis G.","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Aiginition University Hospital, Vasilissis Sofias Street 72-74, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"S83","article-title":"Video-Based Analyses of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Severity: A Brief Review","volume":"11","author":"Sibley","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31822c9123","article-title":"Neurologist care in Parkinson disease: A utilization, outcomes, and survival study","volume":"77","author":"Willis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2128","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23160","article-title":"A U.S. survey of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: Satisfaction with medical care and support groups","volume":"25","author":"Dorsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"9403295","article-title":"A Randomized Crossover Pilot Study of Telemedicine Delivered via iPads in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Sekimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4802570","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4802570","article-title":"Remotely Assessing Symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using Videoconferencing: A Feasibility Study","volume":"2016","author":"Stillerova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fragkiadaki, S., Kontaxopoulou, D., Stanitsa, E., Angelopoulou, E., Pavlou, D., Semrov, D., Colnar, S., Lustrek, M., Blazica, B., and Vucica, I. (2023). How Well Did the Healthcare System Respond to the Healthcare Needs of Older People with and without Dementia during the COVID-19 Pandemic? The Perception of Healthcare Providers and Older People from the SI4CARE Project in the ADRION Region. Geriatrics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics8010021"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25903","article-title":"The past, present, and future of telemedicine for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Achey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.3892\/mi.2023.94","article-title":"Characteristics and outcomes of elderly patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease hospitalized due to COVID-19-associated pneumonia","volume":"3","author":"Georgakopoulou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angelopoulou, E., Papachristou, N., Bougea, A., Stanitsa, E., Kontaxopoulou, D., Fragkiadaki, S., Pavlou, D., Koros, C., Degirmenci, Y., and Papatriantafyllou, J. (2022). How Telemedicine Can Improve the Quality of Care for Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Related Dementias? A Narrative Review. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58121705"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srinivasan, R., Ben-Pazi, H., Dekker, M., Cubo, E., Bloem, B., Moukheiber, E., Gonzalez-Santos, J., and Guttman, M. (2020). Telemedicine for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders. Tremor Other Hyperkinetic Mov., 10.","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.534"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.123","article-title":"Randomized controlled clinical trial of \u201cvirtual house calls\u201d for Parkinson disease","volume":"70","author":"Dorsey","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000953","article-title":"The state of telemedicine for persons with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Bloem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"722","article-title":"Telemedicine for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Limited Engagement between Local Clinicians and Remote Specialists","volume":"24","author":"Elson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E-Health Off. J. Am. Telemed. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3233\/JHD-140102","article-title":"A pilot study of virtual visits in Huntington disease","volume":"3","author":"Bull","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Huntington\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.12033","article-title":"Providing predictive testing for Huntington disease via telehealth: Results of a pilot study in British Columbia, Canada","volume":"84","author":"Hawkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X19853140","article-title":"Reliability, feasibility and satisfaction of telemedicine evaluations for cervical dystonia","volume":"26","author":"Fraint","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.96","article-title":"The Virtual Neurologic Exam: Instructional Videos and Guidance for the COVID-19 Era","volume":"47","author":"Maher","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci. J. Can. Sci. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28673","article-title":"Is Telemedicine the New Normal or Is the Office Visit still the Movement Disorder Option of Choice?","volume":"36","author":"Goetz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"979","article-title":"Telemedicine Use for Movement Disorders: A Global Survey","volume":"24","author":"Hassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E-Health Off. J. Am. Telemed. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.12.027","article-title":"Neurologists\u2019 perceptions of utilising tele-neurology to practice remotely during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"104","author":"Courtney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e179","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000882","article-title":"Practicing in a Pandemic: A Clinician\u2019s Guide to Remote Neurologic Care","volume":"11","author":"Tarolli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Angelopoulou, E.K.D., Fragkiadaki, S., Papatriantafyllou, J., Stanitsa, E., Pavlou, D., Antonellou, R., Koros, C., Georgopoulou, E., Kerazi, E., and Kaliontzoglou, A. (2022, January 25\u201328). Perspectives and satisfaction with telemedicine for neurodegenerative diseases in the Aegean during COVID-19: Pilot study. Proceedings of the 8th European Academy of Neurology Congress, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182823361","article-title":"Teleneurology applications: Report of the Telemedicine Work Group of the American Academy of Neurology","volume":"80","author":"Wechsler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"American Academy of Neurology (2023, July 15). Telemedicine and COVID-19 Implementation Guide. Available online: https:\/\/www.aan.com\/siteassets\/home-page\/tools-and-resources\/practicing-neurologist--administrators\/telehealth\/20200326-telemedicine-and-covid-19-final.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Remote Administration of the MDS-UPDRS in the Time of COVID-19 and Beyond","volume":"10","author":"Schneider","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745917","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.745917","article-title":"Videoconferencing Software Options for Telemedicine: A Review for Movement Disorder Neurologists","volume":"12","author":"Cubo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10271","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S335739","article-title":"Using Telemedicine to Assess and Manage Psychosis Among Outpatients with Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"14","author":"Chepke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1258\/135763306775321371","article-title":"Telemedicine for delivery of health care in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Samii","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"374","article-title":"Provider Experience with Teleneurology in an Academic Neurology Department","volume":"28","author":"Tropea","year":"2022","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E-Health Off. J. Am. Telemed. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"255","article-title":"Patient and Physician Perceptions of Virtual Visits for Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Qualitative Study","volume":"24","author":"Mammen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E-Health Off. J. Am. Telemed. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.3109\/13682820903470569","article-title":"Assessing disordered speech and voice in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A telerehabilitation application","volume":"45","author":"Constantinescu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"100188","article-title":"Successful implementation of technology in the management of Parkinson\u2019s disease: Barriers and facilitators","volume":"8","author":"Laar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2021.70","article-title":"Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Single-Centered Qualitative Study","volume":"49","author":"Anghelescu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci. J. Can. Sci. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181fc29c9","article-title":"The MoCA: Well-suited screen for cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease","volume":"75","author":"MacAskill","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458214556373","article-title":"A feasibility study of conducting the Montreal Cognitive Assessment remotely in individuals with movement disorders","volume":"22","author":"Abdolahi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Inform. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1630.12288","article-title":"Could everyday technology improve access to assessments? A pilot study on the feasibility of screening cognition in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment via Internet videoconferencing","volume":"63","author":"Stillerova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust. Occup. Ther. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-0903.2004.00531.x","article-title":"Can patients with dementia be assessed at a distance? The use of Telehealth and standardised assessments","volume":"34","author":"Loh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2020.1769192","article-title":"Validity of teleneuropsychology for older adults in response to COVID-19: A systematic and critical review","volume":"34","author":"Marra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e12111","article-title":"Remote cognitive and behavioral assessment: Report of the Alzheimer Society of Canada Task Force on dementia care best practices for COVID-19","volume":"12","author":"Geddes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1017\/cts.2022.459","article-title":"Feasibility of telemedicine research visits in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease residing in medically underserved areas","volume":"6","author":"Virmani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610212000981","article-title":"Telepsychogeriatrics: A new horizon in the care of mental health problems in the elderly","volume":"24","author":"Mateos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2008-23307","article-title":"Using the Internet to assess activities of daily living and hand function in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26898","article-title":"PREDICT-PD: An online approach to prospectively identify risk indicators of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Noyce","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2012.08.0148","article-title":"Internet-based physical assessment of people with Parkinson disease is accurate and reliable: A pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Russell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"2920255","article-title":"Abbreviated MDS-UPDRS for Remote Monitoring in PD Identified Using Exhaustive Computational Search","volume":"2022","author":"Morinan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"719","article-title":"Initiation of Levodopa-Carbidopa Intestinal Gel Infusion Using Telemedicine (Video Communication System) Facilitates Efficient and Well-Accepted Home Titration in Patients with Advanced Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"Willows","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21198","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-sponsored revision of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS): Process, format, and clinimetric testing plan","volume":"22","author":"Goetz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.10.008","article-title":"Potential reliability and validity of a modified version of the Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale that could be administered remotely","volume":"19","author":"Abdolahi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.11.028","article-title":"An equation to calculate UPDRS motor severity for online and rural assessments of Parkinson\u2019s","volume":"94","author":"Sangarapillai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870080326","article-title":"Interactive video conferencing: A means of providing interim care to Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"8","author":"Hubble","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23145","article-title":"Increasing access to specialty care: A pilot, randomized controlled trial of telemedicine for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"25","author":"Dorsey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24028","article-title":"Comparison of office-based versus home Web-based clinical assessments for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Cubo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0214-x","article-title":"mHealth and wearable technology should replace motor diaries to track motor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"3","author":"Erb","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"590","article-title":"Agreement Between Face-to-Face and Tele-assessment of Upper Limb Functioning in Patients with Parkinson Disease","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"PM R J. Inj. Funct. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1177\/1357633X0501100708","article-title":"Guidelines for filming digital camera video clips for the assessment of gait and movement disorders by teleneurology","volume":"11","author":"Schoffer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Telemed. Telecare"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26878","article-title":"First-in-human assessment of PRX002, an anti-alpha-synuclein monoclonal antibody, in healthy volunteers","volume":"32","author":"Schenk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"505","article-title":"Feasibility of Virtual Research Visits in Fox Trial Finder","volume":"5","author":"Dorsey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26153","article-title":"Handling missing values in the MDS-UPDRS","volume":"30","author":"Goetz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28094","article-title":"Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson\u2019s Disease Rating Scale Use in the COVID-19 Era","volume":"35","author":"Goetz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28991","article-title":"A Modified Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale for Virtual Assessments","volume":"37","author":"Wills","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12243","article-title":"Clinimetric Analysis of the Motor Section of the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale: Reliability and Factor Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000680","article-title":"Video research visits for atypical parkinsonian syndromes among Fox Trial Finder participants","volume":"10","author":"Tarolli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13373","article-title":"Through the Looking Glass: Remote Versus In-Person Videotaped Neurologic Assessment of Essential Tremor","volume":"9","author":"Newton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25579","article-title":"Dystonia rating scales: Critique and recommendations","volume":"28","author":"Albanese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7536","DOI":"10.4081\/ni.2018.7536","article-title":"Multilingual website and cyberconsultations for oromandibular dystonia","volume":"10","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.607","article-title":"Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"303","author":"Piacentini","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e024685","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024685","article-title":"Therapist-guided and parent-guided internet-delivered behaviour therapy for paediatric Tourette\u2019s disorder: A pilot randomised controlled trial with long-term follow-up","volume":"9","author":"Andren","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00235-2","article-title":"Therapist-supported online remote behavioural intervention for tics in children and adolescents in England (ORBIT): A multicentre, parallel group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Hollis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S385960","article-title":"Clinician Perceptions of the Negative Impact of Telehealth Services in the Management of Drug-Induced Movement Disorders and Opportunities for Quality Improvement: A 2021 Internet-Based Survey","volume":"18","author":"Bera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"223","article-title":"The reliability of telepsychiatry for a neuropsychiatric assessment","volume":"17","author":"Amarendran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E-Health Off. J. Am. Telemed. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"1096","article-title":"Telehealth for Assessing and Managing Tardive Dyskinesia: Expert Insights from a Cross-Disciplinary Virtual Treatment Panel","volume":"29","author":"Belnap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E-Health Off. J. Am. Telemed. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare2010074","article-title":"Standards and Guidelines in Telemedicine and Telehealth","volume":"2","author":"Krupinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222181","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1222181","article-title":"Training future clinicians in telehealth competencies: Outcomes of a telehealth curriculum and teleOSCEs at an academic medical center","volume":"10","author":"Bajra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184971","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1184971","article-title":"Telemedicine and the standard of care: A call for a new approach?","volume":"11","author":"Holcapek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.20099","article-title":"Telemedicine in an Academic Movement Disorders Center during COVID-19","volume":"14","author":"Esper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Panesso, I., Tanoubi, I., and Drolet, P. (2023). Telehealth Competencies: Training Physicians for a New Reality?. Healthcare, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12010093"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3844","article-title":"Advantages and limitations of teleneurology","volume":"72","author":"Wechsler","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304113","article-title":"The eye of the beholder: Inter-rater agreement among experts on psychogenic jerky movement disorders","volume":"84","author":"Cath","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24903","article-title":"Diagnostic agreement in patients with psychogenic movement disorders","volume":"27","author":"Morgante","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.651","article-title":"The Clinical Value of Patient Home Videos in Movement Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Billnitzer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinetic Mov."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2020.2978197","article-title":"A Heterogeneous Sensing Suite for Multisymptom Quantification of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"28","author":"Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraris, C., Nerino, R., Chimienti, A., Pettiti, G., Cau, N., Cimolin, V., Azzaro, C., Priano, L., and Mauro, A. (2019). Feasibility of Home-Based Automated Assessment of Postural Instability and Lower Limb Impairments in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051129"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25055","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025055","article-title":"Quantitative Assessment of Parkinsonian Tremor Based on an Inertial Measurement Unit","volume":"15","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742654","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.742654","article-title":"Remote Evaluation of Parkinson\u2019s Disease Using a Conventional Webcam and Artificial Intelligence","volume":"12","author":"Monje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2014.03.041","article-title":"Is reduced arm and leg swing in Parkinson\u2019s disease associated with rigidity or bradykinesia?","volume":"341","author":"Kwon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034376","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1034376","article-title":"Remote scoring models of rigidity and postural stability of Parkinson\u2019s disease based on indirect motions and a low-cost RGB algorithm","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10119","article-title":"Diagnosing Parkinson\u2019s disease using videotaped neurological examinations: Validity and factors that contribute to incorrect diagnoses","volume":"17","author":"Louis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solimini, R., Busardo, F.P., Gibelli, F., Sirignano, A., and Ricci, G. (2021). Ethical and Legal Challenges of Telemedicine in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57121314"},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"367","article-title":"Practical and Ethical Considerations in Telehealth: Pitfalls and Opportunities","volume":"95","author":"Hull","year":"2022","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004357","article-title":"National randomized controlled trial of virtual house calls for Parkinson disease","volume":"89","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Furuya, R.K.J., Webb, N., and Matos, N. (2020). Learning from the COVID-19 Pandemic: Designing and Implementing a Telehealth-In Person Hybrid Care Model. Free Clin. Res. Collect., 6, Available online: https:\/\/www.themspress.org\/journal\/index.php\/freeclinic\/article\/view\/472."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fereshtehnejad, S.M., and Lokk, J. (2023). Challenges of Teleneurology in the Care of Complex Neurodegenerative Disorders: The Case of Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Possible Solutions. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11243187"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021.00064","DOI":"10.4293\/JSLS.2021.00064","article-title":"5G Use in Healthcare: The Future is Present","volume":"25","author":"Georgiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"JSLS J. Soc. Laparoendosc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"529","article-title":"Suitability of VVC and HEVC for video telehealth systems","volume":"67","author":"Usman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Mater. Contin."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/6\/958\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:56:03Z","timestamp":1760108163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/6\/958"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60060958"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60060958","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,9]]}}}