{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T06:39:37Z","timestamp":1787380777231,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The aim of our single-center cohort study was the determination of the influence of the intrauterine lavage of granulocyte colony-stimulating growth factor (G-CSF) on clinical pregnancy rate in patients with a history of implantation failure older than 40 years. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in Ferticare Prague SE between May 2018 and June 2020. Overall, 115 patients were distributed into two arms, with 48 subjects in the experimental and 67 in the control arm. All women have had a previous history of unsuccessful history of infertility treatment with their own genetic material and at least one ineffective cycle with the donated oocytes. The experimental arm underwent the intrauterine lavage of 0.5 mL of pure G-CSF from 120 to 48 h prior to embryo transfer. Results: The clinical pregnancy rate was 63.3% in the experimental arm and 47.8% in the control arm (p = 0.097 for Pearson\u07e3s \u03c72, and p = 0.133 for Fisher\u2019s exact test). However, the mean endometrial thickness on the day of embryo transfer did not appear to be statistically different (p = 0.139). Only the difference in endometrium thickness growth was statistically significant (p = 0.023). The increase in pregnancy rate is still encouraging for the future, even if it is not significant. Conclusion: Our study suggests the trend of increased pregnancy rate after the intrauterine G-CSF lavage in the interval of 120\u201348 h prior to embryo transfer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60060966","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T06:47:30Z","timestamp":1718174850000},"page":"966","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Feasible Influence of G-CSF on Clinical Pregnancy Outcome in Oocyte Donation Cycles for Patients with Recurrent Implantation Failure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Nataliya","family":"Kushniruk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8315-0965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Stastna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Demography and Geodemography, Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2812-9274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomas","family":"Fait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Health Studies, Polytechnic College Jihlava, 586 01 Jihlava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tereza","family":"Lenertova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic"},{"name":"FertiCarePrague, SE, 150 00 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stastna, A., Sidlo, L., Kocourkova, J., and Fait, T. (2023). Does advanced maternal age explain the longer hospitalisation of mothers after childbirth?. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0284159"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.121444","article-title":"The therapeutic effects optimal timing of G-CSF intrauterine administration during IVF-ET","volume":"317","author":"Won","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"43","article-title":"Embryonic regulation of endometrial molecules in human implantation","volume":"C55","author":"Simon","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.04.011","article-title":"Development of in vitro fertilization in the United States: A conversation between","volume":"110","author":"Garcia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"250","article-title":"New therapeutic protocol for improvement of endometrial receptivity (PRIMER) for patients with recurrent implantation failure (RIF)\u2014A pilot study","volume":"23","author":"Dieamant","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bashiri, A., Halper, K.I., and Orvieto, R. (2018). Recurrent Implantation Failure-update overview on etiology, diagnosis, treatment and future directions. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0414-2"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence-based Update: Immunological Evaluation of Recurrent Implantation Failure","volume":"1","author":"Nunez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Immunol. Open Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kolibianakis, E.M., and Venetis, C.A. (2019). Recurrent Implantation Failure, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315165707"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.07.002","article-title":"Rate of recurrent implantation failure is low: Results of three successive frozen euploid single embryo transfers","volume":"115","author":"Pirtea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekanayake, D.L., Malopolska, M.M., Schwarz, T., Tuz, R., and Bartlewski, P.M. (2022). The roles and expression of HOXA\/Hoxa10 gene: A prospective marker of mammalian female fertility?. Reprod. Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2022.100647"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3552(05)80092-6","article-title":"The implantation Window","volume":"6","author":"Harper","year":"1992","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01510-0","article-title":"Worldwide live births following the transfer of chromosomally \u201cabnormal\u201d embryos after PGT\/A: Results of a worldwide web-based survey","volume":"36","author":"Patrizio","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2012.02.009","article-title":"Array CGH analysis shown that aneuploidy is not related to the number of embryos generated","volume":"24","author":"Ata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.039","article-title":"Detection of segmental aneuploidy and mosaicism in the human preimplantation embryo: Technical considirations and limitations","volume":"107","author":"Treff","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"269","article-title":"The most valuable predictors of endometrial receptivity","volume":"79","author":"Kushniruk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ces. Gynekol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.1.00883","article-title":"The effects of sex steroid hormones and interleukin-1-beta on MUC1 expression in endometrial epithelial cell lines","volume":"131","author":"Horne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60942-X","article-title":"Factors controlling blastocyst implantation","volume":"10","author":"Minas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Reprod. Bimed. Online"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12474","article-title":"The multifaceted actions of leukemia inhibitory factor in mediating uterine receptivity and embryo implantation","volume":"75","author":"Rosario","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"737","article-title":"The role of G-CSF in recurrent implantation failure: A randomized double blind placebo control trial","volume":"14","author":"Tehraninejad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Reprod. Bio. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61955-7","article-title":"Intrauterine G-CSF Administration in Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF): An Rct","volume":"10","author":"Kalem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"CD013226","article-title":"Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor administration for subfertile women undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"1","author":"Kamath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cochrane Database"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz019","article-title":"Uterine fluids proteins for minimally invasive assessment of endometrial receptivity","volume":"105","author":"Kasvandik","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCEM"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunicki, M., \u0141ukaszuk, K., Woclawek-Potocka, I., Liss, J., Kulwikowska, P., and Szczypta\u0144ska, J. (2014). Evaluation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor effects on treatment-resistant thin endometrium in women undergoing in vitro fertilization. Biomed. Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/913235"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-017-3854-x","article-title":"A systematic literature review of the efficacy, affectiveness nad safety of filgrastim","volume":"26","author":"Dale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"CD013497","article-title":"GM-CSF supplementation on culture media for women undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"7","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cohrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"78","article-title":"Efficacy of intrauterine perfusion of G-CSF for infertile women with thin endometrium: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, Z., Jiang, F., Yang, J., Lui, Y., Zha, H., Yang, X., and Meng, Y. (2021). What is the impact of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in subcutaneous injection or intrauterine infusion and during both the fresh and frozen embryo transfer cycles on recurrent implantation failure: A systemic review and meta-analysis?. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-021-00810-4"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoad023","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoad023","article-title":"ESHRE good practice recommendations on recurrent implantation failure","volume":"2023","author":"Cimadomo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.06.023","article-title":"Preimplantation genetic screening: What is the clinical efficiency?","volume":"108","author":"Paulson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)61781-6","article-title":"Human embryo implantation: Current knowledge and clinical implications in assisted reproductive technology","volume":"9","author":"Hoozemans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardner, D.K., Weissman, A., and Howles, C.M. (2004). Embryonic regulation in the implantation processes. Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques, Tailor & Francis. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.3109\/9780203012840"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2021.12.015","article-title":"Human implantation: The complex interplay between endometrial receptivity, inflammation, and the microbiome","volume":"117","author":"Sehring","year":"2022","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.18.0429","article-title":"Leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor: Expression and regulation in the porcine endometrium throughout the estrous cycle and pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Yoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"13420","article-title":"The precise determination of the window of implantation significantly improves ART outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Enciso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/6\/966\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:57:00Z","timestamp":1760108220000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/6\/966"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60060966"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60060966","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]]}}}