{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T12:33:44Z","timestamp":1791808424412,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial condition that can lead to permanent vision loss once it progresses to the neovascular exudative stage. This review aims to summarize the use of deep learning in neovascular AMD. Materials and Methods: Pubmed search. Results: Deep learning has demonstrated effectiveness in analyzing structural OCT images in patients with neovascular AMD. This review outlines the role of deep learning in identifying and measuring biomarkers linked to an elevated risk of transitioning to the neovascular form of AMD. Additionally, deep learning techniques can quantify critical OCT features associated with neovascular AMD, which have prognostic implications for these patients. Incorporating deep learning into the assessment of neovascular AMD eyes holds promise for enhancing clinical management strategies for affected individuals. Conclusion: Several studies have demonstrated effectiveness of deep learning in assessing neovascular AMD patients and this has a promising role in the assessment of these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60060990","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T12:48:40Z","timestamp":1718628520000},"page":"990","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Deep Learning in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-5031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Borrelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonia","family":"Serafino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Ricardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2800-0019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Coletto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7176-9593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Neri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5207-264X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Ulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Foti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8881-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Marolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7152-2613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario Damiano","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Clinic, Public Health Department, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3238-9682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bandello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1368-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Reibaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi, 8, 10124 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cCity of Health and Science\u201d Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-317434","article-title":"Evolution of treatment paradigms in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: A review of real-world evidence","volume":"105","author":"Daien","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)80146-9","article-title":"The \u03b54 allele of the Apolipoprotein E gene as a potential protective factor for exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"125","author":"Souied","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.14.5","article-title":"Choroidal Hyper-Reflective Foci in Geographic Atrophy","volume":"64","author":"Borrelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1159\/000533910","article-title":"Pushing Retinal Imaging Forward: Innovations and Their Clinical Meaning\u2014The 2022 Ophthalmologica Lecture","volume":"246","author":"Borrelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721231186166","article-title":"Retinal neurodegeneration in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"34","author":"Barresi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.9.18","article-title":"Topographical Analysis of the Choriocapillaris Reperfusion after Loading Anti-VEGF Therapy in Neovascular AMD","volume":"11","author":"Viggiano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-022-05577-x","article-title":"Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: Advancement in retinal imaging builds a bridge between histopathology and clinical findings","volume":"260","author":"Borrelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78201-9","article-title":"Photoreceptor alteration in intermediate age-related macular degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Borrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.08.014","article-title":"Topographic Analysis of the Choriocapillaris in Intermediate Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"196","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2018.07.002","article-title":"OCT angiography and evaluation of the choroid and choroidal vascular disorders","volume":"67","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AMD25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-23943","article-title":"Impact of Choriocapillaris Flow on Multifocal Electroretinography in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration Eyes","volume":"59","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002198","article-title":"Reduced choriocapillaris flow in eyes with type 3 neovascularization and age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Borrelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4792","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22360","article-title":"Alterations in the Choriocapillaris in Intermediate Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"58","author":"Borrelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-016-0054-7","article-title":"The potential of spectral domain optical coherence tomography imaging based retinal biomarkers","volume":"3","author":"Phadikar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.11.004","article-title":"Consensus Nomenclature for Reporting Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Data: Consensus on Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Nomenclature Study Group","volume":"127","author":"Spaide","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2012.10.036","article-title":"Clinical classification of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"120","author":"Ferris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.1.44","article-title":"Relationship of Topographic Distribution of Macular Atrophy Secondary to Neovascular AMD and Reading Performance","volume":"65","author":"Ricardi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000004015","article-title":"Inter-session repeatability of reading performance measures in patients with neovascular AMD","volume":"44","author":"Boscia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.64.4.21","article-title":"Capturing the Transition From Intermediate to Neovascular AMD: Longitudinal Inner Retinal Thinning and Factors Associated With Neuronal Loss","volume":"6","author":"Borrelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1159\/000519518","article-title":"Complications Associated with Worse Visual Outcomes in Patients with Exudative Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"244","author":"Barresi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjo.2021.04.020","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of type 3 macular neovascularization using 3D volume-rendering OCTA","volume":"57","author":"Borrelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04955-7","article-title":"Short-term outcomes of patients with neovascular exudative AMD: The effect of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"258","author":"Borrelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2003.09.042","article-title":"Choroidal neovascularization","volume":"137","author":"Grossniklaus","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73649-9","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration and choroidal neovascularization","volume":"115","author":"Freund","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000488","article-title":"Type 3 neovascularization: Evolution, association with pigment epithelial detachment, and treatment response as revealed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography","volume":"35","author":"Nagiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000835","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Type 3 Neovascularization Secondary To Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"35","author":"Kuehlewein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.3.18","article-title":"Distinct Pathways of Macular Atrophy in Type 3 Macular Neovascularization Associated With AMD","volume":"65","author":"Borrelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1159\/000513051","article-title":"Multimodal Imaging to Detect in vivo Responses to Aflibercept Therapy in a Mouse Model of Type 3 Neovascularization","volume":"244","author":"Borrelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2020-316054","article-title":"OCT-A characterisation of recurrent type 3 macular neovascularisation","volume":"105","author":"Sacconi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17053","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53307-x","article-title":"Rotational Three-dimensional OCTA: A Notable New Imaging Tool to Characterize Type 3 Macular Neovascularization","volume":"9","author":"Borrelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9994098","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9994098","article-title":"OCT Biomarkers in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Narrative Review","volume":"2021","author":"Metrangolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36704-6","article-title":"Biomarkers of optical coherence tomography in evaluating the treatment outcomes of neovascular agerelated macular degeneration: A real-world study","volume":"9","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.03.037","article-title":"Morphology and visual acuity in aflibercept and ranibizumab therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration in the VIEW trials","volume":"123","author":"Waldstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.11.017","article-title":"Pigment epithelial detachment followed by retinal cystoid degeneration leads to vision loss in treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"122","author":"Waldstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.12.026","article-title":"Macular atrophy in the HARBOR study for 12 Journal of Ophthalmology neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"125","author":"Sadda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e3181d87e97","article-title":"Intravitreal bevacizumab in vascular pigment epithelium detachment as a result of subfoveal occult choroidal neovascularization in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"30","author":"Ach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Borrelli, E., Barresi, C., Berni, A., Viggiano, P., Reibaldi, M., Introini, U., and Bandello, F. (2024). OCT risk factors for 2-year foveal involvement in non-treated eyes with extrafoveal geographic atrophy and AMD. Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06399-9"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846.e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.05.042","article-title":"Subretinal hyperreflective material in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials","volume":"122","author":"Willoughby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3928\/23258160-20150521-03","article-title":"Relationship between subretinal hyperreflective material reflectivity and volume in patients with neovascular agerelated macular degeneration following anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment","volume":"46","author":"Charafeddin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers Imaging Retin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2017.06.015","article-title":"Association of vascular versus avascular subretinal hyperreflective material with aflibercept response in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"181","author":"Kawashima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002552","article-title":"Correlation of subretinal hyperreflective material morphology and visual acuity in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"40","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000001748","article-title":"Prognostic value of subretinal hyperreflective material in neovascular age-related macular degeneration treated with bevacizumab","volume":"38","author":"Pokroy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-020-04869-4","article-title":"The prognostic value of total macular external limiting membrane and ellipsoid zone damage for clinical outcome in treatment-resistant neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"258","author":"Woronkowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4129","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16735","article-title":"Restoration of outer retinal layers after aflibercept therapy in exudative AMD: Prognostic value","volume":"56","author":"FCoscas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmology Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0b013e31820d3d01","article-title":"Association between foveal microstructure and visual outcome in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"31","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-014-2595-5","article-title":"Correlation between optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci and visual outcomes after intravitreal bevacizumab for macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion","volume":"252","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.04.018","article-title":"Microglia\/macrophages migrate through retinal epithelium barrier by a transcellular route in diabetic retinopathy: Role of PKC\u03b6 in the Goto Kakizaki rat model","volume":"179","author":"Omri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.12.039","article-title":"Optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci: A morphologic sign of lipid extravasation in diabetic macular edema","volume":"116","author":"Bolz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1159\/000342159","article-title":"Hyperreflective dots: A new spectral-domain optical coherence tomography entity for follow-up and prognosis in exudative age-related macular degeneration","volume":"229","author":"Coscas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Zhang, C., Yang, Q., Xie, H., Zhang, J., Qiu, Q., Liu, K., Luo, D., Liu, F., and Zhang, J. (2021). Imaging Hyperreflective Foci as an Inflammatory Biomarker after Anti-VEGF Treatment in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. BioMed Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6648191"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000000645","article-title":"Correlation between optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci and visual outcomes after anti-vegf treatment in neovascular age-related macular degeneration and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy","volume":"36","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5200","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19964","article-title":"Improved automated detection of diabetic retinopathy on a publicly available dataset through integration of deep learning","volume":"57","author":"Lou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-017-1638-6","article-title":"Automatic recognition of severity level for diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using deep visual features","volume":"55","author":"Abbas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi, H., Tampo, H., Arai, Y., Inoue, Y., and Kawashima, H. (2017). Applying artificial intelligence to disease staging: Deep learning for improved staging of diabetic retinopathy. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179790"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2017.3782","article-title":"Automated grading of age- related macular degeneration from color fundus images using deep convolutional neural networks","volume":"135","author":"Burlina","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-24106","article-title":"Prediction of Individual Disease Conversion in Early AMD Using Artificial Intelligence","volume":"59","author":"Waldstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25325","article-title":"Deep Learning for Prediction of AMD Progression: A Pilot Study","volume":"60","author":"Russakoff","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15434","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72359-y","article-title":"Prediction of age-related macular degeneration disease using a sequential deep learning approach on longitudinal SD-OCT imaging biomarkers","volume":"10","author":"Banerjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0867-7","article-title":"Predicting conversion to wet age-related macular degeneration using deep learning","volume":"2","author":"Yim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2012.07.030","article-title":"Computerized assessment of intraretinal and subretinal fluid regions in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography images of the retina","volume":"155","author":"Zheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.03.010","article-title":"Application of Automated Quantification of Fluid Volumes to Anti-VEGF Therapy of Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"127","author":"Vogl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2016.12.009","article-title":"Deep learning is effective for the classification of OCT images of normal versus Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"1","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.02.010","article-title":"Identifying medical diagnoses and treatable diseases by image-based deep learning","volume":"172","author":"Kermany","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2017.10.031","article-title":"Fully Automated Detection and Quantification of Macular Fluid in OCT Using Deep Learning","volume":"125","author":"Schlegl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2018.04.007","article-title":"Automated Segmentation of Lesions Including Subretinal Hyperreflective Material in Neovascular Age-related Macular Degeneration","volume":"191","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"1012","article-title":"Segmentation of retinal fluid based on deep learning: Application of three-dimensional fully convolutional neural networks in optical coherence tomography images","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.09.025","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis of OCT for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Deep Learning","volume":"128","author":"Moraes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.12.034","article-title":"Quantification of Key Retinal Features in Early and Late Age-Related Macular Degeneration Using Deep Learning","volume":"226","author":"Liefers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02720-8","article-title":"Deep-learning based automated quantification of critical optical coherence tomography features in neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"38","author":"Borrelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricardi, F., Oakley, J., Russakoff, D., Boscia, G., Caselgrandi, P., Gelormini, F., Ghilardi, A., Pintore, G., Tibaldi, T., and Marolo, P. (2024). Validation of a deep learning model for automatic detection and quantification of five OCT critical retinal features associated with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Br. J. Ophthalmol., bjo-2023-324647.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo-2023-324647"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3240","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21053","article-title":"Prediction of Anti-VEGF Treatment Requirements in Neovascular AMD Using a Machine Learning Approach","volume":"58","author":"Bogunovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.7.30","article-title":"Probabilistic Forecasting of Anti-VEGF Treatment Frequency in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Pfau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"5428","article-title":"A Preliminary Study of Predicting Effectiveness of Anti-VEGF Injection Using OCT Images Based on Deep Learning","volume":"2020","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002898","article-title":"Post-treatment prediction of optical coherence tomography using a conditional generative adversarial network in age-related macular degeneration","volume":"41","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2019-315338","article-title":"Prediction of OCT images of short-term response to anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration using generative adversarial network","volume":"104","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32398-7","article-title":"Prediction of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agent-specific treatment outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration using a generative adversarial network","volume":"13","author":"Moon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oret.2017.03.015","article-title":"Machine Learning to Analyze the Prognostic Value of Current Imaging Biomarkers in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration","volume":"2","author":"Bogunovic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Retin."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/6\/990\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:59:48Z","timestamp":1760108388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/6\/990"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60060990"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60060990","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]]}}}