{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:57:01Z","timestamp":1792029421062,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project","award":["PNURSP2024R419"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2024R419"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The investigation of the psychosomatic symptoms in women residing in developing countries is still emerging. To be precise, the prevalence and correlates of severe fibromyalgia, depression, anxiety, and insomnia are understudied in Arab women, as these symptoms could relate to improper self-medication. This study mainly investigated the association between self-medication with analgesics and fibromyalgia, depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms among a community-based cohort of females in Jordan. Materials and Methods: We used a web-based cross-sectional study design. Fibromyalgia, depression, anxiety, and insomnia were assessed using validated scales. The used over-the-counter (OTC) painkillers were recorded. Results: Data were analyzed from 741 women, and fibromyalgia was screened in 16.4%, depression in 37.4%, anxiety in 27.8%, and insomnia in 38.3%. Fibromyalgia was associated with \u201cmarried\u201d (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.017\u20132.305), \u201cusing OTC acetaminophen\u201d (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.15\u20132.69), \u201cusing herbal remedies\u201d (OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.33\u20133.07), and \u201cusing antiseizure medications\u201d (OR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.38\u20134.28). Severe depression was significantly associated with \u201cage\u201d (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96\u20130.99), \u201chigh school education\u201d (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.21\u20132.98), \u201csmoking\u201d (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.15\u20132.56), \u201cOTC acetaminophen\u201d (OR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.02\u20131.92), \u201cOTC non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs\u201d (OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.15\u20132.65), and \u201cantiseizures\u201d (OR = 2.19, 95% CI = 1.30\u20133.70). Severe anxiety was significantly associated with \u201csmoking\u201d (OR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.40\u20133.12), \u201cOTC acetaminophen\u201d (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.06\u20132.06), and \u201cantiseizure medications\u201d (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.22\u20133.41). Severe insomnia was significantly associated with \u201cage\u201d (OR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.96\u20130.99), \u201chigh school education\u201d (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.01\u20132.47), \u201csmoking\u201d (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.01\u20132.25), \u201cOTC non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs\u201d (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.13\u20132.64), \u201cantiseizure medications\u201d (OR = 1.84, 95% CI = 1.09\u20133.11), and \u201cNo analgesics\u201d (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.32\u20130.71). Conclusions: Self-medication with analgesics is associated with a high burden of psychosomatic symptoms in Arab women, and awareness campaigns are required to guide self-medication behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60071065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T05:22:38Z","timestamp":1719552158000},"page":"1065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Risk of Severe Fibromyalgia, Depression, Anxiety, and Insomnia Symptoms in Arab Women: An Implication of Self-Medication with Analgesics? A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8801-2652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Gammoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1369-6620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariam","family":"Al-Ameri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaith","family":"Altaani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5523-7417","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Al-smadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reham","family":"Al-Zegoul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq 25113, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talal","family":"Massad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0090-941X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad F.","family":"Klaib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Systems Department, Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"},{"name":"Software Engineering Department, King Hussein School of Computing Sciences, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6678-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mervat","family":"Alsous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7174-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammena Y.","family":"Binsaleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sireen Abdul Rahim","family":"Shilbayeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g1224","article-title":"CLINICAL REVIEW Fibromyalgia","volume":"348","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kaltsas, G., and Tsiveriotis, K. (2024, June 25). 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