{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:15:51Z","timestamp":1760145351123,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Biodex System\u00ae is an advanced dynamometer used for testing various biomechanical parameters of muscles. Test outcomes allow for the identification of muscle pathology and consequently lead to a clinical diagnosis. Despite being widely used for the testing and rehabilitation of the human musculoskeletal system, no universal and acceptable protocol for wrist examination has been proposed for patients with wrist pathology. In this study, the authors aim to identify the most appropriate protocol for testing the biomechanical parameters of flexors and extensors of the wrist. Materials and Methods: A group of 20 patients with symptomatic tennis elbow and 26 healthy volunteers were examined using three different protocols: isokinetic, isometric and isotonic. Protocol order for each study participant was assigned at random with a minimum of a 24 h break between protocols. All protocol parameters were set according to data obtained from a literature review and an earlier pilot study. Following completion of each protocol, participants filled out a questionnaire-based protocol, assessing pain intensity during the exam, difficulty with exam performance and post-exam muscle fatigue. Results: The isotonic protocol showed the best patient tolerance and the highest questionnaire score. There was a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) between the three protocols in average pain intensity reported by study participants. All participants completed the isotonic protocol, but not all patients with symptomatic tennis elbow were able to complete the isometric and isokinetic protocols. The isotonic protocol was deemed \u201cdifficult but possible to complete\u201d by study participants. Conclusions: The isotonic protocol is most suitable for testing the flexors and extensors of the wrist. It gives the most biomechanical data of all protocols, is well tolerated by patients and rarely causes pain during examination even in symptomatic participants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60071184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T08:24:59Z","timestamp":1721636699000},"page":"1184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomechanical Examination of Wrist Flexors and Extensors with Biodex System Dynamometer\u2014Isometric, Isokinetic and Isotonic Protocol Options"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Jokiel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9450-8005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kazmierczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-8139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Czarnecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4425-3766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bartkowiak-Graczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8215-8589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Madziewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Physiotherapy Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Breborowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Miedzyblocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Adamski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Student Scientific Group, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krystian","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Student Scientific Group, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2085-9846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"Kaczmarek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leszek","family":"Romanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Traumatology, Orthopedics and Hand Surgery Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-701 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2555-3-1","article-title":"Shoulder muscle endurance: The development of a standardized and reliable protocol","volume":"3","author":"Roy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med. 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