{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T07:35:25Z","timestamp":1790753725240,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":220,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular comorbidities owing to hormonal excess or deficiency are the main cause of mortality in patients with pituitary disorders. In patients with Cushing\u2019s Disease, there is an increased prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and\/or risk factors including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, hypercoagulability as well as structural and functional changes in the heart, like cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricle (LV) dysfunction. Notably, these demonstrate limited reversibility even after remission. Furthermore, patients with acromegaly may manifest insulin resistance but also structural and functional heart changes, also known as \u201cacromegalic cardiomyopathy\u201d. Patients with prolactinomas demonstrate an aggravation of metabolic parameters, obesity, dysregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as endothelial dysfunction. Hypopituitarism and conventional hormonal replacement therapy may also contribute to an unhealthy metabolic status, which promotes atherosclerosis and may lead to premature mortality. This review discusses the literature on cardiovascular risk in patients with pituitary disorders to increase physician awareness regarding this aspect of management in patients with pituitary disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]],"date-time":"2024-07-30T15:25:23Z","timestamp":1722353123000},"page":"1241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["An Overview of Cardiovascular Risk in Pituitary Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4737-6422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Ntali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology \u201cD. Ikkos\u201d, Diabetes Center, Evangelismos General Hospital, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2359-8108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vyron","family":"Markussis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Researcher, 18535 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Chrisoulidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Theagenio Cancer Hospital, 54636 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa291","article-title":"Excess Morbidity Persists in Patients With Cushing\u2019s Disease During Long-term Remission: A Swedish Nationwide Study","volume":"105","author":"Papakokkinou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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