{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:03:05Z","timestamp":1794002585583,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Blood transfusion is a common therapeutic intervention in hospitalized patients. There are numerous indications for transfusion, including anemia and coagulopathy with deficiency of single or multiple coagulation components such as platelets or coagulation factors. Nevertheless, the practice of transfusion in critically ill patients has been controversial mainly due to a lack of evidence and the need to consider the appropriate clinical context for transfusion. Further, transfusion carries many risk factors that must be balanced with benefits. Therefore, transfusion practice in ICU patients has constantly evolved, and we endeavor to present a contemporary review of transfusion practices in this population guided by clinical trials and expert guidelines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081247","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T10:34:43Z","timestamp":1722422083000},"page":"1247","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["A Contemporary Review of Blood Transfusion in Critically Ill Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2927-1408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sumeet K.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1025 Marsh Street, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guleid","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1025 Marsh Street, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1025 Marsh Street, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7238-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikhil","family":"Vojjala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Trinity Health Oakland\/Wayne State University, Pontiac, MI 48341, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Warsame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1025 Marsh Street, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4244-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"El Labban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1025 Marsh Street, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibtisam","family":"Rauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George SW17 0RE, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1025 Marsh Street, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tashfia","family":"Zareen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. George\u2019s University School of Medicine, St. George SW17 0RE, Grenada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syed Muhammad","family":"Usama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Nazareth Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19152, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2139-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shika M.","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, MVJ Medical College and Research Hospital, Bengaluru 562 114, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7105-4266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salim R.","family":"Surani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 79016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8831-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavan","family":"Devulapally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South Texas Renal Care Group, Department of Nephrology, Christus Santa Rosa, Methodist Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Bartlett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Mayo Clinic health System, 1025 Marsh Street, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2452-2079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Anjum","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1025 Marsh Street, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0139-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitesh Kumar","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, 1025 Marsh Street, Mankato, MN 56001, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, July 07). History of Blood Transfusion. Available online: https:\/\/www.redcrossblood.org\/donate-blood\/blood-donation-process\/what-happens-to-donated-blood\/blood-transfusions\/history-blood-transfusion.html."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001676","article-title":"Complications of Hemorrhagic Shock and Massive Transfusion\u2014A Comparison Before and After the Damage Control Resuscitation Era","volume":"56","author":"Black","year":"2021","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"719","article-title":"Transfusion of blood and blood products: Indications and complications","volume":"83","author":"Sharma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-10-833988","article-title":"Noninfectious transfusion-associated adverse events and their mitigation strategies","volume":"133","author":"Goel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000880","article-title":"Patient Blood Management in intensive care patients","volume":"27","author":"Hof","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.20737","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Intensive Care Unit","volume":"30","author":"Raasveld","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1406617","article-title":"Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock","volume":"371","author":"Holst","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199902113400601","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care Investigators, Canadian Critical Care Trials Group","volume":"340","author":"Wells","year":"1999","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2354","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e318291cce4","article-title":"Restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies for older mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: A randomized pilot trial","volume":"41","author":"Walsh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2009.08.002","article-title":"Hemoglobin, nitric oxide and molecular mechanisms of hypoxic vasodilation","volume":"15","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac569","article-title":"Iron deficiency and cardiovascular disease","volume":"44","author":"Savarese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mozos, I. (2015). Mechanisms linking red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/682054"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100956","article-title":"Systemic acidemia impairs cardiac function in critically Ill patients","volume":"37","author":"Kraut","year":"2021","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000165566.82925.14","article-title":"Clinical predictors of and mortality in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Potential role of red cell transfusion","volume":"33","author":"Gong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510270072043","article-title":"Multiple organ failure syndrome in the 1990s. Systemic inflammatory response and organ dysfunction","volume":"271","author":"Beal","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010307","article-title":"Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock","volume":"345","author":"Rivers","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.57.2.170","article-title":"The pulmonary physician in critical care \u2022 2: Oxygen delivery and consumption in the critically ill","volume":"57","author":"Leach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-022-00473-4","article-title":"Pathophysiology of fluid administration in critically ill patients","volume":"10","author":"Messina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med. Exp."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, D., Ma, J., Wang, S., Qin, T., Song, F., Hou, T., and Ma, H. (2023). Changes of cardiac output and velocity time integral in blood return at the end of renal replacement therapy predict fluid responsiveness in critically Ill patients with acute circulatory failure. BMC Anesthesiol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-023-01976-7"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000151047.33912.A3","article-title":"Revisiting transfusion practices in critically ill patients","volume":"33","author":"Fergusson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181b39f1b","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline: Red blood cell transfusion in adult trauma and critical care","volume":"37","author":"Napolitano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2013.1.638","article-title":"Transfusion guidelines: When to transfuse","volume":"2013","author":"Szczepiorkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.12914","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Transfusion: 2023 AABB International Guidelines","volume":"330","author":"Carson","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06531-x","article-title":"Transfusion strategies in bleeding critically ill adults: A clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"47","author":"Vlaar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2024, July 07). A Compendium of Transfusion Practice Guidelines. Available online: https:\/\/www.redcross.org\/content\/dam\/redcrossblood\/hospital-page-documents\/334401_compendium_v04jan2021_bookmarkedworking_rwv01.pdf."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-021-06506-y","article-title":"Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021","volume":"47","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-016-0226-5","article-title":"Impact of transfusion on patients with sepsis admitted in intensive care unit: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Dupuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Intensive Care"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, X., Wang, B., Gao, Y., Wu, J., Yu, X., Liang, C., and Pan, J. (2023). Assessing the impact of transfusion thresholds in patients with septic acute kidney injury: A retrospective study. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1308275"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2023.08.005","article-title":"Clinical significance of hemoglobin level and blood transfusion therapy in elderly sepsis patients: A retrospective analysis","volume":"73","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.11.029","article-title":"Impact of red blood cell transfusion on platelet aggregation and inflammatory response in anemic coronary and noncoronary patients: The TRANSFUSION-2 study (impact of transfusion of red blood cell on platelet activation and aggregation studied with flow cytometry use and light transmission aggregometry)","volume":"63","author":"Silvain","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.06.014","article-title":"Conservative versus liberal red cell transfusion in acute myocardial infarction (the CRIT Randomized Pilot Study)","volume":"108","author":"Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057909","article-title":"One-Year Major Cardiovascular Events After Restrictive Versus Liberal Blood Transfusion Strategy in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Anemia: The REALITY Randomized Trial","volume":"145","author":"Lemesle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1808561","article-title":"Six-Month Outcomes after Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion for Cardiac Surgery","volume":"379","author":"Mazer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028497","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028497","article-title":"Transfusion Thresholds for Acute Coronary Syndromes-Insights From the TRICS-III Randomized Controlled Trial, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Mistry","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307983","article-title":"Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia","volume":"389","author":"Carson","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i1351","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i1351","article-title":"Effect of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies on outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease in a non-cardiac surgery setting: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"352","author":"Docherty","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0554","article-title":"Patient Blood Management: Recommendations From the 2018 Frankfurt Consensus Conference","volume":"321","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583666","article-title":"Anemia in chronic heart failure: Prevalence, etiology, clinical correlates, and treatment options","volume":"113","author":"Tang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8836450","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8836450","article-title":"Impact of Thrombocytopenia on In-Hospital Outcome in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention","volume":"2021","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.858811","article-title":"Reoperation for bleeding in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery: Incidence, risk factors, time trends, and outcomes","volume":"2","author":"Mehta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2010.1446","article-title":"Transfusion requirements after cardiac surgery: The TRACS randomized controlled trial","volume":"304","author":"Hajjar","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403612","article-title":"Liberal or restrictive transfusion after cardiac surgery","volume":"372","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.04.139","article-title":"Platelet Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"111","author":"Yanagawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"Cd007614","article-title":"Fresh frozen plasma for cardiovascular surgery","volume":"2015","author":"Desborough","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15167","article-title":"British Society of Haematology Guidelines on the spectrum of fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate products: Their handling and use in various patient groups in the absence of major bleeding","volume":"181","author":"Green","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2009.02198.x","article-title":"Evaluation and comparison of coagulation factor activity in fresh-frozen plasma and 24-hour plasma at thaw and after 120 hours of 1 to 6 \u00b0C storage","volume":"49","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.04868.x","article-title":"Efficacy of standard dose and 30 ml\/kg fresh frozen plasma in correcting laboratory parameters of haemostasis in critically ill patients","volume":"125","author":"Chowdary","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"23","article-title":"Fibrinogen replacement therapy: A critical review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Franchini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2006.00891.x","article-title":"Effect of fresh-frozen plasma transfusion on prothrombin time and bleeding in patients with mild coagulation abnormalities","volume":"46","author":"Healy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05884-8","article-title":"Transfusion strategies in non-bleeding critically ill adults: A clinical practice guideline from the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine","volume":"46","author":"Vlaar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2011.03515.x","article-title":"Is fresh-frozen plasma clinically effective? An update of a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.04973.x","article-title":"Is fresh frozen plasma clinically effective? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials","volume":"126","author":"Stanworth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R108","DOI":"10.1186\/cc10129","article-title":"A national study of plasma use in critical care: Clinical indications, dose and effect on prothrombin time","volume":"15","author":"Stanworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0041-1132.2004.00422.x","article-title":"Why do physicians request fresh frozen plasma?","volume":"44","author":"Dzik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.04972.x","article-title":"Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant","volume":"126","author":"Atterbury","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.12750","article-title":"Transfusion of fresh-frozen plasma in critically ill patients with a coagulopathy before invasive procedures: A randomized clinical trial (CME)","volume":"55","author":"Arbous","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-022-06793-z","article-title":"Plasma exchange in the intensive care unit: A narrative review","volume":"48","author":"Bauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussein, G., Liu, B., Yadav, S.K., Warsame, M., Jamil, R., Surani, S.R., and Khan, S.A. (2023). Plasmapheresis in the ICU. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59122152"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65s","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03663.x","article-title":"Adverse effects of plasma transfusion","volume":"52","author":"Pandey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-10-860809","article-title":"Transfusion-associated circulatory overload and transfusion-related acute lung injury","volume":"133","author":"Semple","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"The National Clinical Guidelines Centre (2015). Blood Transfusion, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"15","article-title":"Management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: Current perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Blombery","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Blood Med."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"e106","article-title":"Prevention and Management of Postpartum Haemorrhage: Green-top Guideline No. 52","volume":"124","author":"Mavrides","year":"2017","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001473","article-title":"National and International Guidelines for Patient Blood Management in Obstetrics: A Qualitative Review","volume":"124","author":"Shaylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000002092","article-title":"Perioperative Coagulation Management in Liver Transplant Recipients","volume":"102","author":"Bezinover","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.13580","article-title":"A practical guideline for the haematological management of major haemorrhage","volume":"170","author":"Hunt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03866.x","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia and platelet transfusion in UK critical care: A multicenter observational study","volume":"53","author":"Stanworth","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.08-2534","article-title":"Coagulopathy in critically ill patients: Part 1: Platelet disorders","volume":"136","author":"Rice","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2013.06.008","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit-diagnostic approach and management","volume":"50","author":"Thiele","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.35.1.19","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in the intensive care unit","volume":"35","author":"Ostadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200012000-00017","article-title":"Blunted rise in platelet count in critically ill patients is associated with worse outcome","volume":"28","author":"Nijsten","year":"2000","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200204000-00005","article-title":"Time course of platelet counts in critically ill patients","volume":"30","author":"Akca","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214322","article-title":"Platelet Transfusion before CVC Placement in Patients with Thrombocytopenia","volume":"388","author":"Ruiterkamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-1589","article-title":"Platelet transfusion: A clinical practice guideline from the AABB","volume":"162","author":"Kaufman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14423","article-title":"Guidelines for the use of platelet transfusions","volume":"176","author":"Estcourt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0220","article-title":"Resuscitation and coagulation in the severely injured trauma patient","volume":"366","author":"Midwinter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.07.041","article-title":"Massive transfusion protocol in adult trauma population","volume":"38","author":"Meneses","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S243","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.16455","article-title":"Platelet-to-red blood cell ratio and mortality in bleeding trauma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"61","author":"Kleinveld","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.12","article-title":"Transfusion of plasma, platelets, and red blood cells in a 1:1:1 vs a 1:1:2 ratio and mortality in patients with severe trauma: The PROPPR randomized clinical trial","volume":"313","author":"Holcomb","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamasurg.387","article-title":"The prospective, observational, multicenter, major trauma transfusion (PROMMTT) study: Comparative effectiveness of a time-varying treatment with competing risks","volume":"148","author":"Holcomb","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0000000000003598","article-title":"Do not forget the platelets: The independent impact of red blood cell to platelet ratio on mortality in massively transfused trauma patients","volume":"93","author":"Naar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1097\/MCC.0000000000000992","article-title":"Transfusion management in the trauma patient","volume":"28","author":"Dilday","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17322","article-title":"Transfusion of ABO-group identical red blood cells following uncrossmatched transfusion does not lead to higher mortality in civilian trauma patients","volume":"63","author":"Yazer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccc.2016.09.002","article-title":"Management of Trauma-Induced Coagulopathy with Thrombelastography","volume":"33","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Care Clin."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0308-2","article-title":"A systematic review on the rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM\u00ae) values for the diagnosis of coagulopathy, prediction and guidance of blood transfusion and prediction of mortality in trauma patients","volume":"24","author":"Veigas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scand. J. Trauma Resusc. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17100","article-title":"The CRASH-2 trial: A randomised controlled trial and economic evaluation of the effects of tranexamic acid on death, vascular occlusive events and transfusion requirement in bleeding trauma patients","volume":"17","author":"Roberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Joe, M., Das, K.A., and Waseem, M. (2023). Permissive Hypotension. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-016-3865-7","article-title":"Strategies for Intravenous Fluid Resuscitation in Trauma Patients","volume":"41","author":"Wise","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Brain Trauma Foundation, The American Association of Neurological Surgeons, and The Joint Section on Neurotrauma and Critical Care (2000). Hypotension. J. Neurotrauma, 17, 591\u2013595.","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2000.17.591"},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Goal-directed resuscitation in the prehospital setting: A propensity-adjusted analysis","volume":"74","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Trauma Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0000000000000257","article-title":"Permissive Hypotension and Trauma: Can Fluid Restriction Reduce the Incidence of ARDS?","volume":"24","author":"Kolarik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Trauma Nurs."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000566","article-title":"Transfusion practices in traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"East","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turgeon, A.F., Fergusson, D.A., Clayton, L., Patton, M.P., Neveu, X., Walsh, T.S., Docherty, A., Malbouisson, L.M., Pili-Floury, S., and English, S.W. (2024). Liberal or Restrictive Transfusion Strategy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury. N. Engl. J. Med.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2404360"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12143","article-title":"Guidelines on the management of anaemia and red cell transfusion in adult critically ill patients","volume":"160","author":"Retter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.01836","article-title":"Liberal Versus Restrictive Red Blood Cell Transfusion Thresholds in Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Randomized, Open Label, Phase III, Noninferiority Trial","volume":"38","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107058","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2023.107058","article-title":"Effect of single-unit transfusion in patients treated for haematological disease including acute leukemia: A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"129","author":"Chantepie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.76.1734","article-title":"Platelet Transfusion for Patients With Cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Update","volume":"36","author":"Schiffer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-168617","article-title":"Differentiation syndrome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all-trans retinoic acid and anthracycline chemotherapy: Characteristics, outcome, and prognostic factors","volume":"113","author":"Montesinos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/BCR.0b013e3181d0f618","article-title":"Anemia of thermal injury: Combined acute blood loss anemia and anemia of critical illness","volume":"31","author":"Posluszny","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2011.01.016","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusion following burn","volume":"37","author":"Curinga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1097\/01.BCR.0000245494.45125.3E","article-title":"Safe and successful restriction of transfusion in burn patients","volume":"27","author":"Kwan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Burn Care Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CCM.0000217472.97524.0E","article-title":"Effect of blood transfusion on outcome after major burn injury: A multicenter study","volume":"34","author":"Palmieri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199502000-00015","article-title":"A double-blinded prospective evaluation of recombinant human erythropoietin in acutely burned patients","volume":"38","author":"Still","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-011-0094-5","article-title":"Red blood cell transfusion in the neurological ICU","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanne, D., Molshatzki, N., Merzeliak, O., Tsabari, R., Toashi, M., and Schwammenthal, Y. (2010). Anemia status, hemoglobin concentration and outcome after acute stroke: A cohort study. BMC Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-22"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/8\/1247\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:27:08Z","timestamp":1760110028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/8\/1247"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60081247"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60081247","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}}}