{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:20:58Z","timestamp":1760145658796,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific condition characterized by significant health risks for pregnant women worldwide due to its status as a multi-organ disorder. High blood pressure (hypertension) with or without proteinuria is usually considered an initial clinical sign of PE. The pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia is highly complex and likely involves multiple factors, including poorly developed uterine spiral arterioles, immunological issues, placental ischemia or infarction, and genetic abnormalities. Inflammatory cytokine production, regulated by cytokine gene polymorphisms, is one of the factors likely contributing to the development of PE. The present study aimed to assess IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and Apo B-100 gene polymorphism and to evaluate the association of these polymorphisms with PE. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study involved 99 participants aged 16 to 45 years from Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan. The participants were divided into three groups: Group 1 (PE with severe hypertension), Group 2 (PE with hypertension), and Group 3 (control), each comprising 33 individuals. Maternal blood samples were collected, DNA was extracted, and molecular genetic analysis of the IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and Apo B-100 genes was performed using the PCR-RFLP method. Allelic frequencies were compared, and statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS 25, applying the Hardy\u2013Weinberg equation and chi-square test to evaluate the results. Results: There are differences in the distribution of allelic frequencies for IL-6 -174G\/C (CC, GC, GG), IL-1\u03b2-511C\/T (CC, CT, TT), and Apo B-100 2488 C\/T (CC, CT, TT) between pre-eclamptic patients and the control group. The analysis using the Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium and chi-square test showed an association between the IL-6-174 G\/C polymorphism and the severity of pre-eclampsia. Conclusions: The polymorphisms of the IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, and Apo B-100 genes revealed different alleles. The IL-6 gene alone was found to be in disequilibrium according to the Hardy\u2013Weinberg equation, indicating a potential link to the severity of pre-eclampsia in the population studied.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:02:37Z","timestamp":1723528957000},"page":"1307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Interleukin-6 (-174G\/C), Interleukin-1\u03b2 (-511 C\/T), and Apolipoprotein B-100 (2488 C\/T) Gene Polymorphism in Pre-Eclampsia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Muhammad Naveed","family":"Najeeb","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 40100, Punjab, Pakistan"},{"name":"Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Umaira","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur 63100, Punjab, Pakistan"},{"name":"Shahida Islam Medical College, Lodhran 59320, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Ameer","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shahida Islam Medical College, Lodhran 59320, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sadia","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bakhtawar Ameen Medical College, Multan 60800, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javed Anver","family":"Qureshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 40100, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3706-2582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tahir","family":"Maqbool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore 40100, Punjab, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, K.J., Seow, K.M., and Chen, K.H. 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