{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:52:24Z","timestamp":1791233544578,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: The development of the oral microbiome begins in the prenatal stage. Breast milk contains antimicrobial proteins, microorganisms, metabolites, enzymes, and immunoglobulins, among others; therefore, differences have been noted in the type of microorganisms that colonize the oral cavity of children who are breastfed compared to those who are formula-fed. Our objective was to establish the relationship between breastfeeding, formula feeding, or mixed feeding (breastfeeding and formula) with the presence of S. mutans in a population of children under 6 months of age. Materials and\u00a0Methods: The patients were recruited from the Child Care Center of Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez, Chihuahua, and from the pediatric dentistry postgraduate clinics of the Autonomous University of Ciudad Ju\u00e1rez; children exclusively fed maternally, with formula, and\/or mixed were included. Those who had been fed within the previous hour were excluded. The sample was taken with a smear of the jugal groove using a sterile micro-brush. For the identification of Streptococcus mutans, a culture of Mitis Salivarius Agar (Millipore) was used. Results: 53.3% corresponded to females and 46.7% to males, 36.7% corresponded to maternal feeding, 23.3% corresponded to formula feeding, and 40% corresponded to mixed feeding. In 90% of the infants, the parents indicated that they did not perform oral hygiene. The CFU count showed that infants who were exclusively breastfed had an average of 9 \u00d7 10 CF\/mL, formula-fed infants had an average of 78 \u00d7 10 CFU\/mL, and those who had mixed feeding 21 \u00d7 10 CFU\/mL. Conclusions: According to the results obtained, it was possible to corroborate that exclusive breastfeeding limits the colonization of Streptococcus mutans compared to those infants who receive formula or mixed feeding; these results could have a clinical impact on the dental health of infants by having a lower presence of one of the main etiological factors involved in dental caries and the type of microbiome established in the oral cavity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T06:02:37Z","timestamp":1723528957000},"page":"1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Importance of Human Breast Milk in the Early Colonization of Streptococcus mutans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Karina","family":"C\u00f3rdova-Carrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Juarez City 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"De la Pe\u00f1a-Lobato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Juarez City 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Juarez City 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Carlos","family":"Cuevas-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Juarez City 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9295-6928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le\u00f3n Francisco","family":"Espinosa-Crist\u00f3bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Juarez City 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karla Lizette","family":"Tovar-Carrillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Juarez City 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1051-7858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa Alicia","family":"Saucedo-Acu\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Juarez City 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graciela","family":"Zambrano-Galv\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Division, Faculty of Medicine, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Durango City 34113, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9017-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sim\u00f3n Yobanny","family":"Reyes-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, Juarez City 32310, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"449","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Streptococcus mutans strains isolated from patients with dental caries","volume":"13","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. 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