{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:53:15Z","timestamp":1787878395721,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Caregiving for geriatric patients is essential for ensuring the well-being and quality of life of older adults. Family caregivers play a crucial role, but they often face a significant burden that can lead to adverse mental health outcomes, including depression. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of depression among caregivers of geriatric patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and to analyze its association with caregiver burden and various socio-demographic and caregiving parameters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, between January and March 2024. Adult caregivers of geriatric patients were recruited through various social media platforms. Data were collected via an electronic questionnaire that included demographic information, caregiving parameters, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening, and the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-12) for caregiver burden assessment. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Of the 269 participants, the average age was 32 years, and the gender distribution was nearly balanced. The prevalence of depression (PHQ-9 score \u2265 10) among caregivers was 45.4% (95% CI: 39.3, 51.5%). Significant factors associated with higher depression scores included younger age, female gender, single status, being a student, low income, and caregiving burden. In the multivariate analysis, female gender (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.30\u20134.80) and caregiving burden (mild-to-moderate burden: OR 6.18, 95% CI 2.94\u201313.00; high burden: OR 22.75, 95% CI 8.75\u201359.13) were independent predictors of depression. Conclusions: The study highlights the high prevalence of depression among caregivers of geriatric patients in Jeddah and underscores the significant impact of caregiving burden on mental health. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions, such as mental health support, respite care programs, and culturally sensitive educational training, to mitigate caregiver burden and enhance the well-being of caregivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T03:07:38Z","timestamp":1724296058000},"page":"1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determinants of Depression in Caregivers of Geriatric Patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9650-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed A.","family":"Aljunaid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rayan Mesfer","family":"Alosaimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Essa Ahmed","family":"Alazmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7798-6010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Abdulaziz","family":"Afandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8924-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Talal","family":"Musslem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Mohsen","family":"Aljarameez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hosam Husain","family":"Alzobaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krieger, T., Specht, R., Errens, B., Hagen, U., and Dorant, E. (2020). Caring for family caregivers of geriatric patients: Results of a participatory health research project on actual state and needs of hospital-based care professionals. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165901"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2109","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2021.22.7.2109","article-title":"Assessment of caregiving burden of family caregivers of advanced cancer patients and their satisfaction with the dedicated inpatient palliative care provided to their patients: A cross-sectional study from a tertiary care centre in South Asia","volume":"22","author":"Kondeti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7975","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-021-06365-9","article-title":"Self-care, resilience, and caregiver burden in relatives of patients with advanced cancer: Results from the EQUIPE study","volume":"29","author":"Roij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2023.2507","article-title":"Social care is medical care","volume":"158","author":"Bonne","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1159\/000481132","article-title":"Greater experience of negative non-target emotions by patients with neurodegenerative diseases is related to lower emotional well-being in caregivers","volume":"44","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP1","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493019879660","article-title":"Response to the article \u201cInformal caregivers in stroke: Life impact, support, and psychological well-being\u2014A Swedish Stroke Register (Riksstroke) study\u201d","volume":"14","author":"Kajiwara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.22543\/7674.61.P95102","article-title":"Vulnerability and physical well-being of caregivers: What relationship?","volume":"6","author":"Settineri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mind Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1159\/000095750","article-title":"Caregiver burden, health-related quality of life and coping in dementia caregivers: A comparison of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Riedijk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dement. Geriatr. Cogn. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104465","article-title":"An epidemiological model for first stroke in Saudi Arabia","volume":"29","author":"Salawati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.23055","article-title":"Management of obesity in Saudi Arabia during the era of COVID-19, a clash of two pandemics","volume":"29","author":"Alfaris","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2018.e00637","article-title":"A finite and stable exponential growth-adjusted indirect cost of cancer associated with discounted years of life lost in Saudi Arabia","volume":"4","author":"Jazieh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alqahtani, J. (2022). Prevalence, incidence, morbidity and mortality rates of COPD in Saudi Arabia: Trends in burden of COPD from 1990 to 2019. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268772"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms\/169477","article-title":"The prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and mortality of hypertensive heart disease and its attributable risk factors: Results from the global burden disease study 2019","volume":"19","author":"Qian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Bu, X., Wei, L., Liu, J., Yang, D., Mann, D., Ma, A., and Hayashi, T. (2021). Global, regional, and national burden of myocarditis from 1990 to 2017, a systematic analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2017. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.692990"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1827","DOI":"10.1002\/cnr2.1827","article-title":"Global burden of female breast cancer and its association with socioeconomic development status 1990\u20132044","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"121","article-title":"Forecasting life expectancy at birth using time series and Holt\u2019s method in Saudi Arabia according to Saudi Vision 2030","volume":"79","author":"Alharbi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1293","article-title":"Comparing life expectancy determinants between Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates from 1980\u20132020","volume":"13","author":"Wirayuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v11n5p41","article-title":"Depression level and burden of care among family caregivers of older people with physical and mental disability in Makkah city KSA","volume":"11","author":"Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12991-017-0155-1","article-title":"An Arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample","volume":"16","author":"AlHadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l1476","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1476","article-title":"Accuracy of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening to detect major depression: Individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"365","author":"Levis","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.09.131","article-title":"Screening for depression in primary care with Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9): A systematic review","volume":"279","author":"Costantini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/41.5.652","article-title":"The Zarit Burden interview: A new short version and screening version","volume":"41","author":"Molloy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642018dn13-010015","article-title":"Brief version of Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) for burden assessment in older caregivers","volume":"13","author":"Brigola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"56","article-title":"The Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview Short Form (ZBI-12) in spouses of Veterans with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury, Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version","volume":"3","author":"Mashhadinejad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-024-02762-2","article-title":"Attributional styles are associated with care burden in geriatric depression: Older adults and their caregivers in Taiwan","volume":"36","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Ge, J., Meng, H., Chen, Z., and Liu, D. (2019). The influence of social support and care burden on depression among caregivers of patients with severe mental illness in rural areas of Sichuan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16111961"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2015.1126794","article-title":"Social support seeking and self-efficacy-building strategies in enhancing the emotional well-being of informal HIV\/AIDS caregivers in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Okeke","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAHARA-J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.346.15915","article-title":"Negative repercussions of caregiving burden: Poor psychological well-being and depression","volume":"34","author":"Ehsan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3390\/curroncol29010002","article-title":"The relationship between cancer caregiver burden and psychological outcomes: The moderating role of social connectedness","volume":"29","author":"Yuen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Guo, Q., Luo, J., Li, F., Ding, D., Zhao, Q., and Hong, Z. (2016). Anxiety and depression symptoms among caregivers of care-recipients with subjective cognitive decline and cognitive impairment. BMC Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-016-0712-2"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.13304","article-title":"Support-seeking by cancer caregivers living in rural Australia","volume":"46","author":"Johnston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12405","article-title":"Effects of the caregiver burden perceived by caregivers of patients with neurological disorders on caregiver wellbeing and caregiver stress","volume":"55","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychiatr. Care"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7157","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7157","article-title":"Changes in rural caregivers\u2019 health behaviors while supporting someone with cancer: A qualitative study","volume":"13","author":"Johnston","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.09.038","article-title":"Effect of deep brain stimulation on caregivers of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review","volume":"81","author":"Contarino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conroy, \u00c9., Kennedy, P., Heverin, M., Leroi, I., Mayberry, E., Beelen, A., Stavroulakis, T., Berg, L.H.v.D., McDermott, C.J., and Hardiman, O. (2021). Informal caregivers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A multi-centre, exploratory study of burden and difficulties. Brain Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci11081094"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/00812463211048755","article-title":"Preparedness for caregiving moderates the association between burden and health-related quality of life among family caregivers of stroke patients in Nigeria","volume":"52","author":"Onu","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.36502\/2020\/hcr.6173","article-title":"Caregiver burden among informal caregivers of rural older persons in Nepal","volume":"1","author":"Khanal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Care Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.61919\/jhrr.v4i1.511","article-title":"Demographic characteristics, stress and emotion regulation in the caregivers of elderly hemodialysis patients","volume":"4","author":"Nasim","year":"2024","journal-title":"JHRR"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"11","article-title":"Caring for geriatric dementia patients in Egypt: The effect of an educational training program for caregivers","volume":"9","author":"Abdelzaher","year":"2022","journal-title":"EJGG"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-P\u00e9rez, A., Mendialdua-Canales, D., Hurtado-Pomares, M., Peral-G\u00f3mez, P., Ju\u00e1rez-Leal, I., Espinosa-Sempere, C., Fern\u00e1ndez-Pires, P., Zango-Mart\u00edn, I., Abell\u00e1n-Miralles, I., and L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez, P. (2022). The ATENci\u00f3n Plena en Enfermedad de Alzheimer (ATENEA\u2014Mindfulness in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease) Program for Caregivers: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10030542"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1017\/S147895152100081X","article-title":"Informal caregivers of older Muslims diagnosed with cancer: A portrait of depression, social support, and faith","volume":"19","author":"Baider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Palliat. Support. Care"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"162960","article-title":"Gender differences in dementia spousal caregiving","volume":"2012","author":"Laakkonen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501835","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2501835","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for depression among caregivers of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients in Saudi Arabia","volume":"2018","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/jorc.12408","article-title":"Muslim caregivers\u2019 experiences in caring for patients receiving peritoneal dialysis","volume":"49","author":"Seephom","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Ren. Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaugler, J.E., Mittelman, M.S., Hepburn, K., and Newcomer, R. (2010). Clinically significant changes in burden and depression among dementia caregivers following nursing home admission. BMC Med., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-85"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Black, C.M., Ritchie, C.W., Khandker, R.K., Wood, R., Jones, E., Hu, X., and Ambegaonkar, B.M. (2018). Non-professional caregiver burden is associated with the severity of patients\u2019 cognitive impairment. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204110"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijge.2015.02.001","article-title":"Depression and associated factors in the elderly cadres in Fuzhou, China: A community-based study","volume":"9","author":"Cong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"61","article-title":"Depression in older adults: Prevalence and risk factors in a primary health care sample","volume":"59","author":"Padayachey","year":"2017","journal-title":"SAFP"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610216001514","article-title":"Consistency of dementia caregiver intervention classification: An evidence-based synthesis","volume":"29","author":"Gaugler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Psychogeriatr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez\u2013Anuarbe, M., and Kohli, P. (2019). Understanding male caregivers\u2019 emotional, financial, and physical burden in the United States. Healthcare, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare7020072"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190438","article-title":"Factors associated with supportive care service use among California Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients and their caregivers","volume":"73","author":"Newkirk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2155","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2155","article-title":"Care burden and the predictive role of spiritual well-being and religious coping: A cross sectional study among Iranian family caregivers of patients with stroke","volume":"7","author":"Mirhosseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1177\/1049909119877351","article-title":"Palliative caregivers\u2019 spirituality, views about spiritual care, and associations with spiritual well-being: A mixed methods study","volume":"37","author":"Seah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215359","article-title":"Efficacy of a virtual education program for family caregivers of persons living with dementia","volume":"86","author":"Noel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parmar, J.K., L\u2019Heureux, T., Anderson, S., Duggleby, W., Pollard, C., Poole, L., Charles, L., Sonnenberg, L.K., Leslie, M., and McGhan, G. (2022). Optimizing the integration of family caregivers in the delivery of person-centered care: Evaluation of an educational program for the healthcare workforce. BMC Health Serv. Res., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07689-w"}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/8\/1368\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:40:49Z","timestamp":1760110849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/8\/1368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60081368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60081368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}}}