{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:20:31Z","timestamp":1760145631591,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Konkuk University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer has become a consistent concern globally and increasingly fatal. Malignant melanoma is a rising concern, with its increased mortality. Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (K. parviflora (KP)), commonly known as black ginger, is well known for its medicinal contributions. For the first time, in the following study we investigated the antimelanoma potential of Laos KP extracts in human cell lines. KP extracts (KPE) in methanol, DCM, and ethyl acetate showed strong cell inhibition in both melanomas, with KPE-DCM being particularly effective in inhibiting melanoma cell migration, invasion, and proliferation by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, while KPE-Hexane exhibited a low cell inhibition rate and a more limited effect. KPE affected the increased expression of caspase-3, PARP andBax and the decreased expression of the BcL-2, Mu-2-related death-inducing gene (MUDENG, MuD) protein. Furthermore, KPE enhanced apoptotic cells in the absence and presence of the pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK. Interestingly, these apoptotic cells were significantly suppressed by the caspase inhibitor. Moreover, elevated mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, suggestive of KPE\u2019s mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in melanoma cells, were also confirmed. KPE treatment increased MMP levels, and upregulated the generation of ROS in A375 cells but not in A2058 cells. However, pretreatment with an ROS scavenger (NAC) suppressed KPE-induced cell death and ROS generation. These results clearly pointed out KPE-induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic cell death as the mechanism behind the inhibition of the human melanoma cells. Future studies exploring the role of specific ROS sources and their interaction with mitochondrial dynamics could deepen the existing understanding on KPE-induced apoptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60081371","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T06:28:51Z","timestamp":1724308131000},"page":"1371","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating the Diverse Anticancer Effects of Laos Kaempferia parviflora (Black Ginger) on Human Melanoma Cell Lines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Gyun Seok","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Resources and Food Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juhyun","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seongwoo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9052-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramesh Kumar","family":"Saini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0090-5160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judy","family":"Gopal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Innovation, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 602105, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2439-0499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Wook","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, KIT, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjn-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paramee, S., Sookkhee, S., Sakonwasun, C., Takuathung, M.N., Mungkornasawakul, P., Nimlamool, W., and Potikanond, S. 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