{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:23:32Z","timestamp":1760145812580,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Urinary incontinence (UI) is the involuntary loss of urine caused by a weakness in the pelvic floor muscles (PFMs) that affects urethral closure. Myostatin, which prevents the growth of muscles, is a protein expressed by human skeletal muscle cells. Indeed, it has been observed that myostatin concentration rises during skeletal muscle inactivity and that suppressing serum myostatin promotes muscle growth and strength. Furthermore, therapeutic interventions that reduce myostatin signalling may lessen the effects of aging on skeletal muscle mass and function. For this reason, the aim of the study was to assess if flat magnetic stimulation technology affects serum myostatin levels, as myostatin can block cell proliferation at the urethral sphincter level. Materials and Methods: A total of 19 women, 75% presenting stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and 25% urgency urinary incontinence (UUI), were enrolled. A non-invasive electromagnetic therapeutic system designed for deep pelvic floor area stimulation was used for eight sessions. Results: The ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) test indicated that the myostatin levels in blood sera had significantly decreased. Patients\u2019 ultrasound measurements showed a significant genital hiatus length reduction at rest and in a stress condition. The Pelvic Floor Bother Questionnaire consistently revealed a decrease in mean scores when comparing the pre- and post-treatment data. Conclusions: Effective flat magnetic stimulation reduces myostatin concentration and genital hiatus length, minimizing the severity of urinary incontinence. The results of the study show that without causing any discomfort or unfavourable side effects, the treatment plan significantly improved the PFM tone and strength in patients with UI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,27]],"date-time":"2024-08-27T03:51:06Z","timestamp":1724730666000},"page":"1399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Myostatin Changes in Females with UI after Magnetic Stimulation: A Quasi-Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Maurizio","family":"Filippini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital State of Republic of San Marino, 47893 San Marino, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Bugli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital State of Republic of San Marino, 47893 San Marino, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicoletta","family":"Biordi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital State of Republic of San Marino, 47893 San Marino, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fausto","family":"Muccioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Hospital State of Republic of San Marino, 47893 San Marino, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Reggini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Hospital State of Republic of San Marino, 47893 San Marino, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Benedettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Hospital State of Republic of San Marino, 47893 San Marino, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Migliore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital State of Republic of San Marino, 47893 San Marino, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Pieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El. En. Group, 50041 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7509-7035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Comito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El. En. Group, 50041 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7288-1845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice Marina","family":"Pennati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El. En. Group, 50041 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Fusco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El. En. Group, 50041 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7798-5141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Gonzalez","family":"Isaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urogynecology and Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, San Jorge University Hospital, Pereira 660002, Colombia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio Posada","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Colsposcopy Unit, Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Centro Hospitalario La Concepcion, Saltillo 25230, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziano","family":"Zingoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"El. En. Group, 50041 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Farinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Hospital State of Republic of San Marino, 47893 San Marino, San Marino"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Shamliyan, T., Wyman, J., and Kane, R.L. (2012). Nonsurgical Treatments for Urinary Incontinence in Adult Women: Diagnosis and Comparative Effectiveness."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"275","article-title":"Urinary incontinence treatment algorithm","volume":"90","author":"Blaganje","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zdrav. 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