{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T06:20:06Z","timestamp":1789194006684,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past two decades, the use of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) inhibitors has significantly improved the treatment of patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Firstly, introduced for rheumatoid arthritis, these inhibitors are currently approved and used for a variety of conditions, including ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn\u2019s disease, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and chronic uveitis. Despite their immense therapeutic efficacy, TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors have been associated with neurological adverse effects that bring new clinical challenges. The present review collects data from multiple studies to evaluate the incidence and the relationship between TNF-\u03b1 inhibitors and neurological side effects and to explore the potential underlying mechanisms of this association. Moreover, it highlights the importance of patient selection, particularly in the case of individuals with a history of demyelinating diseases, raises awareness for clinicians, and calls for ongoing research that will improve TNF-\u03b1 targeting strategies and offer safer and more effective therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]],"date-time":"2024-08-28T11:54:10Z","timestamp":1724846050000},"page":"1409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Neurological Side Effects of TNF-\u03b1 Inhibitors Revisited: A Review of Case Reports"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4301-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Armand","family":"Gogulescu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6528-7733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandru","family":"Blidisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Codruta","family":"Soica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Mioc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Voicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Jojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Voicu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5049-9861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Banciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 Eftimie Murgu, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X09359728","article-title":"Anti-TNF therapy in ankylosing spondylitis: Insights for the clinician","volume":"2","author":"Coates","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. 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