{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:12:38Z","timestamp":1790903558741,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: The aim was to compare the activity of the masseter muscles in children with different types of breathing. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted including patients aged 6\u201312 years with mixed dentition, who came for oral care at the Master\u2019s Degree in Pediatric Dentistry program at the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sample was divided into three groups: nasal breathers without dental alterations (control group), oral breathers with dental malocclusion, and oral breathers with previous orthodontic treatment. An electromyography was performed, and statistic methods were conducted with a 95% confidence to contrast hypothesis. Results: A total of 122 children were analyzed and distributed into three groups. The electrical muscle activity of masseters was significantly different between the study groups (p &lt; 0.001 for all comparisons). Pairwise comparisons revealed a significantly higher electrical muscle activity in the control group (nasal breathers) during chewing compared to both groups of oral breathers (p &lt; 0.001 for both comparisons). Orthodontic treatment decreased electrical muscle activity during isometric contraction in oral breathers compared to nasal breathers (p &lt; 0.001), but did not significantly affect electrical muscle activity during chewing. Higher decompensation values were obtained in oral breathers without previous orthodontic treatment compared the other study groups (p &lt; 0.001 for both comparisons), although electrical muscle activity values were similar in both groups of oral breathers (p &gt; 0.05 for both comparisons). Conclusions: Differences in electrical muscle activity between nasal and oral breathers can be confirmed. Oral breathers with and without orthodontic treatment showed lower electrical muscle activity of masseters during chewing than nasal breathers, while at isometric contraction, only oral breathers with previous orthodontic treatment showed lower electrical activity. Higher decompensation values were found in oral breathers without previous orthodontic treatment, in comparison to the control group and oral breathers with previous orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60091462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1725603515000},"page":"1462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Influence of the Type of Breathing on the Masticatory Muscle Patterns in Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Daniela","family":"Neves-Leal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6568-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia M.","family":"Caleya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0489-2256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Martin-Vacas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4770-2101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nuria E.","family":"Gallardo-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9901-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Gallego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Becker, W., Naumann, H.H., and Pfaltz, C.R. (1994). Ear, Nose, and Throat Diseases: A Pocket Reference, Thieme Medical Publisher. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-72992007000400008","article-title":"Estudo da rela\u00e7\u00e3o entre a respira\u00e7\u00e3o oral e o tipo facial","volume":"73","author":"Bianchini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Otorrinolaringol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"38","article-title":"Respira\u00e7\u00e3o oral: Causa x audi\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"11","author":"Bianchini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rev. CEFAC"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2004.10.010","article-title":"Cephalometric assessment of the mandibular growth pattern in mouth-breathing children","volume":"69","author":"Sousa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-05822007000300012","article-title":"Altera\u00e7\u00f5es orofaciais em doen\u00e7as al\u00e9rgicas de vias a\u00e9reas","volume":"25","author":"Branco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Paul. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2007.01769.x","article-title":"Review of clinical EMG studies related to muscle and occlusal factors in healthy and TMD subjects","volume":"34","author":"Suvinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"34","article-title":"Aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do question\u00e1rio TMJ scale e eletromiografi a dos m\u00fasculos masseter e temporal anterior em indiv\u00edduos disfuncionados temporomandibulares com e sem tratamento ortod\u00f4ntico e tratamento odontol\u00f3gico restaurador de dent\u00edstica: Estudo comparativo","volume":"2","author":"Nasr","year":"2001","journal-title":"JBA"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sastre \u00c1lvaro, M.H. (2016). Estudio Electromiogr\u00e1fico de Los Patrones Musculares en Adultos con Sobremordida con y Sin S\u00edntomas de Trastorno Temporomandibular. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Complutense de Madrid]. Available online: https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/20.500.14352\/27053."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(77)90135-2","article-title":"The relationship between dental oclusion, muscle activity and associated jaw movement in man","volume":"22","author":"Hannam","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Okeson, J.P. (2000). Tratamento Das Desordens Temporomandibulares e Oclus\u00e3o, Artes M\u00e9dicas. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"370","article-title":"Eletromiografia dos m\u00fasculos masseteres e suprahi\u00f3ideos em mulheres com oclus\u00e3o normal e com m\u00e1-oclus\u00e3o classe I de Angle durante a fase oral da degluti\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"6","author":"Rahal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rev. Cefac"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Degan, V.V. (2004). Influ\u00eancia da Associa\u00e7\u00e3o da Remo\u00e7\u00e3o de H\u00e1bitos de Suc\u00e7\u00e3o e Terapia Miofuncional nas Altera\u00e7\u00f5es Musculares, Funcionais e Oclusais. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Campinas]."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"13","article-title":"European recommendations for surface electromyography","volume":"8","author":"Hermens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Roessingh Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.4103\/1305-7456.184156","article-title":"Uses of electromyography in dentistry: An overview with meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Nishi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(80)90159-1","article-title":"Activity of the temporal and masseter muscles in Class II, Division 1 malocclusions: An electromyographic investigation","volume":"77","author":"Pancherz","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"131","article-title":"Electromiograf\u00eda del aparato de la masticaci\u00f3n en ni\u00f1os sanos y portadores de maloclusi\u00f3n clase I y II de Angle","volume":"12","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rev. Odontol. Mex."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"895","article-title":"Muscle action potential and masticatory rhythm of anterior temporal and masseter muscles in children and adults","volume":"27","author":"Takarada","year":"1989","journal-title":"Shoni Shikagaku Zasshi"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ortega-Zabala, D.M., Zuluaga-Londo\u00f1o, L.J., Aguirre-Fern\u00e1ndez, M.A., and Evaluaci\u00f3n Electromiogr\u00e1fica de la Actividad del M\u00fasculo Masetero en Masticaci\u00f3n en Pacientes con Neutroclusi\u00f3n, Mesoclusi\u00f3n y Distoclusi\u00f3n (2023, May 03). Repositorio Universidad Antonio Nari\u00f1o (Colombia). Available online: http:\/\/repositorio.uan.edu.co\/handle\/123456789\/6362."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.13424","article-title":"Electromyographic activities of the jaw and facial muscles in subjects with different vertical skeletal patterns and breathing modes","volume":"50","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e672","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759606","article-title":"Influence of Breathing Modes and Facial Growth Patterns on Electromyographic Fatigue of Masticatory Muscles in Children","volume":"27","author":"Gomez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-18462007000200007","article-title":"Comparative analysis of mastication in children with nasal and mouth breathing with first teething","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Cefac"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/S1808-8694(15)30608-X","article-title":"Electrical activity of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles in mouth and nasal breathing children","volume":"74","author":"Ferla","year":"2008","journal-title":"Braz. J. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572009000500025","article-title":"Non-invasive 3D facial analysis and surface electromyography during functional pre-orthodontic therapy: A preliminary report","volume":"17","author":"Tartaglia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. App Oral. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmo.2018.01.006","article-title":"Cambios de la actividad electromiogr\u00e1fica durante las diferentes fases del tratamiento de ortodoncia: Resultados de una prueba piloto","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Ortod."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Viveros Mart\u00ednez, J.S. (2018). Evaluaci\u00f3n de la Actividad Electromiogr\u00e1fica de los M\u00fasculos Masetero y Temporal en Ni\u00f1os con Distoclusi\u00f3n Tratados con Ortopedia Funcional. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Quer\u00e9taro]. Available online: http:\/\/ri-ng.uaq.mx\/handle\/123456789\/1239."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","article-title":"Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software","volume":"18","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Educ. Eval. Health Prof."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (1997). Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. JAMA, 277, 927\u2013934.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.277.11.927"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2007.11.012","article-title":"Protocol of orofacial myofunctional evaluation with scores","volume":"72","author":"Ferreira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.07.021","article-title":"Expanded protocol of orofacialmyofunctional evaluation with scores: Validity and reliability","volume":"74","author":"Folha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2012.02336.x","article-title":"Validity of the \u2018protocol of orofacial myofunctional evaluation with scores\u2019 for young and adult subjects","volume":"39","author":"Medeiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"248","article-title":"Classification of malocctusion","volume":"41","author":"Angle","year":"1899","journal-title":"Dent. Cosm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4300\/JGME-D-12-00156.1","article-title":"Using Effect Size-or Why the P Value Is Not Enough","volume":"4","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Grad. Med. Educ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-020-05994-w","article-title":"The efficacy of myofunctional therapy in patients with atypical swallowing","volume":"277","author":"Begnoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.04.009","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: An American Association of Orthodontists White Paper","volume":"156","author":"Behrents","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/9\/1462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:49:42Z","timestamp":1760111382000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/9\/1462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60091462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60091462","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]]}}}