{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T23:17:25Z","timestamp":1789773445932,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00209494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00209494"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22021M3F7A1083232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22021M3F7A1083232"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23C0121L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23C0121L1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine","award":["RS-2023-00209494"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00209494"]}]},{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine","award":["22021M3F7A1083232"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22021M3F7A1083232"]}]},{"name":"Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine","award":["23C0121L1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23C0121L1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Empty nose syndrome (ENS) is a debilitating condition that often results from traumatic or iatrogenic causes, such as nasal surgery. There are various conservative and surgical treatments for ENS, but their effectiveness remains uncertain. Therefore, the development of animal models that accurately mimic human ENS is essential for advancing effective treatment strategies. Materials and Methods: To investigate ENS development, turbinoplasty was performed in the nasal cavity of swine, entailing partial removal of the ventral turbinate using turbinectomy scissors followed by electrocauterization. After 56 days, samples were obtained for histological and morphological analyses. Results: A significant reduction in the volume of the ventral turbinate in the ENS model led to an expansion of the nasal cavity. Histological analysis revealed mucosal epithelial changes similar to those observed in ENS patients, including squamous cell metaplasia, goblet cell metaplasia, submucosal fibrosis, and glandular atrophy. Biomarkers related to these histopathological features were identified, and signals potentially contributing to squamous cell metaplasia were elucidated. Conclusions: The swine ENS model is anticipated to be instrumental in unraveling the pathogenesis of ENS and may also be useful for evaluating the effectiveness of various treatments for ENS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60101559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T11:20:43Z","timestamp":1727176843000},"page":"1559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of a New Swine Model Resembling Human Empty Nose Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Dan Bi","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postech-Catholic Biomedical Engineering Institute, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4200-7174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery & Communication Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9248-5572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul Saint Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul Saint Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240101500601","article-title":"Atrophic rhinitis: A review of 242 cases","volume":"15","author":"Moore","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. 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