{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T19:46:10Z","timestamp":1777923970439,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Latvian Council of Science under the project FLPP","award":["lzp-2022\/1-0326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["lzp-2022\/1-0326"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Sepsis, a leading global health challenge, accounts for around 20% of deaths worldwide. The complexity of sepsis, especially the difference between bacterial and viral etiologies, requires an effective assessment of microcirculation during resuscitation. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of infusion therapy on microcirculation in patients with sepsis, focusing on bacterial- and COVID-19-associated sepsis using remote photoplethysmography (rPPG) and the automated capillary refill time (aCRT). Materials and Methods: This single-center prospective study was conducted in the ICU of Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, including 20 patients with sepsis\/septic shock. The patients were selected based on hemodynamic instability and divided into COVID-19 and Bacterial Septic Shock groups. Fluid responsiveness was assessed using the Passive Leg Raising Test (PLRT). Systemic hemodynamics and microcirculation were monitored through MAP CRT, rPPG, and serum lactate levels. Statistical analyses compared responses within and between the groups across different stages of the protocol. Results: The Bacterial group exhibited higher initial serum lactate levels and more pronounced microcirculatory dysfunction than the COVID-19 group. rPPG was more sensitive in detecting perfusion changes, showing significant differences between the groups. The automated CRT demonstrated greater sensitivity compared to the manual CRT, revealing significant differences during PLRT stages between bacterial- and COVID-19-associated sepsis. Both groups had a transient hemodynamic response to PLRT, with subsequent stabilization upon fluid infusion. Conclusions: When managing patients with sepsis in intensive care, monitoring microcirculation is of paramount importance in infusion therapy. Our study highlights the potential of rPPG and aCRT as tools for this purpose. These techniques can be used in conjunction with routine parameters, such as lactate levels and systemic hemodynamic parameters, to provide a comprehensive assessment of a patient\u2019s condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60101680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T05:47:58Z","timestamp":1728884878000},"page":"1680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Quantitative Evaluation of Microcirculatory Alterations in Patients with COVID-19 and Bacterial Septic Shock through Remote Photoplethysmography and Automated Capillary Refill Time Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Mara","family":"Klibus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Skills and Medical Technology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, Pauls Stradins CUH, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darja","family":"Smirnova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Skills and Medical Technology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, Pauls Stradins CUH, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zbignevs","family":"Marcinkevics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Uldis","family":"Rubins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andris","family":"Grabovskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Latvia, LV-1063 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8941-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indulis","family":"Vanags","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olegs","family":"Sabelnikovs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Skills and Medical Technology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, R\u012bga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Reanimatology, Pauls Stradins CUH, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30063-8","article-title":"The global burden of paediatric and neonatal sepsis: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Goldfarb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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