{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T20:15:24Z","timestamp":1792181724588,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University","award":["RGP2\/391\/45"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP2\/391\/45"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Patients with cirrhosis who seem normal during physical examinations may still have abnormalities in their electroencephalogram (EEG) or show pathological results in neuropsychological tests. This study aimed to investigate the progression of minimal hepatic encephalopathy, its effects on quality of life, its prognostic value, and its significance for daily functioning. Materials and Methods: This study involved 50 patients with confirmed cirrhosis (28 Child A, 12 Child B, 10 Child C) who were assessed for psychological symptoms and underwent several tests: the Minimal Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Letter Cancellation Test, the Digit Symbol Coding Test, and EEG. Results: showed that 40% of patients exhibited neuropsychiatric symptoms, with somatization being the most common at 96%. The MMSE revealed cognitive impairment in 48% of patients. In the Letter Cancellation Test (LCT) (total error), 80% of patients had organic disorders, and 24% showed affections with (LCT) (completion time). The Digit Symbol Coding Test results showed affection in 28% of patients. Significant EEG changes were observed in patients with Child C cirrhosis. Patients with portal hypertension (including varices and variceal bleeding), liver cell failure symptoms (such as ascites, lower limb edema, and bleeding tendency), as well as those who smoke, or obese, or have hyperlipidemia, all displayed notable EEG and psychological test abnormalities, making them more likely to develop hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusions: psychological testing and EEG changes are effective in detecting minimal hepatic encephalopathy, with a higher incidence in Child C patients compared to those in Child A and B.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60111861","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T04:15:49Z","timestamp":1731557749000},"page":"1861","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Tests and Electroencephalogram Results Among Cirrhotic Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Alaa Aboud","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4954-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa M.","family":"Elkholy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Neurodiagnostics and Research Centre), Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola O.","family":"Mangoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed R. N.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5466-0552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa O.","family":"Elgendy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef 62764, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8147-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali M.","family":"Abdel Fattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-013-0362-0","article-title":"Useful tests for hepatic encephalopathy in clinical practice","volume":"16","author":"Nabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. 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