{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T06:33:03Z","timestamp":1793773983304,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Therapies of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases of the Musculoskeletal System (CPT-ZOPA)","award":["ITMS2014+: 313011W410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITMS2014+: 313011W410"]}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund","award":["ITMS2014+: 313011W410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ITMS2014+: 313011W410"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, numerous potential prognostic biomarkers for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been investigated. Despite these advancements, clinical practice primarily relies on autoantibody tests\u2014for rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (anti-CCP)\u2014alongside inflammatory markers, such as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Expanding the repertoire of diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers is critical for improving clinical outcomes in RA. Emerging evidence highlights the significance of synovial fluid biomarkers, including aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinases, glucosyl-galactosyl-pyridinoline, hyaluronic acid, S100 proteins, calprotectin, and various cytokines, as well as immunological markers. Additionally, specific components of extracellular vesicles, such as non-coding RNAs, heat shock proteins, and lipids, are gaining attention. This review focuses on molecular markers found in synovial fluid and extracellular vesicles, excluding clinical and imaging biomarkers, and explores their potential applications in the diagnosis and management of RA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60121945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]],"date-time":"2024-11-26T04:02:18Z","timestamp":1732593738000},"page":"1945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Synovial Fluid Markers and Extracellular Vesicles in Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Smolinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, N\u00e1bre\u017eie Ivana Krasku 4, 921 12 Piestany, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2487-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Klimova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5074-9621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubos","family":"Danisovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"},{"name":"National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, N\u00e1bre\u017eie Ivana Krasku 4, 921 12 Piestany, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-4898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Harsanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11224","article-title":"Can We Accurately Predict the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Preclinical Phase?","volume":"48","author":"Majka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/art.10732","article-title":"The Benefits of Early Treatment in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Confounding by Indication, and the Issue of Timing","volume":"48","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00872-5","article-title":"Early versus Delayed Treatment in Patients with Recent-Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis: Comparison of Two Cohorts Who Received Different Treatment Strategies","volume":"111","author":"Lard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. 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