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Mutations in telomere-related genes and surfactant proteins have been linked to familial pulmonary fibrosis, while variants in MUC5B and TOLLIP increase the risk of ILD, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis-associated ILD. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs such as miR-21 and miR-29, regulate fibrotic pathways, influencing disease onset and progression. Although no standardized genetic panel for ILD exists, understanding the interplay of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations could aid in the development of personalized therapeutic approaches. This review highlights the genetic and epigenetic factors driving ILD, emphasizing their potential for refining diagnosis and treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60121967","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,29]],"date-time":"2024-11-29T05:02:22Z","timestamp":1732856542000},"page":"1967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Genetic Risk Factors in Idiopathic and Non-Idiopathic Interstitial Lung Disease: Similarities and Differences"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4612-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Cerri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Experimental Pneumology, Department of Surgical and Medical Science, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Rare Lung Diseases, University Hospital of Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Manzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Doctoral School in Respiratory Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Hospital of Sassuolo, 41049 Sassuolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ottavia","family":"Nori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Doctoral School in Respiratory Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"U.O. 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