{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T23:37:01Z","timestamp":1793921821579,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic respiratory disorders are the third leading cause of mortality globally. Consequently, there is a continuous pursuit of effective therapies beyond those currently available. The therapeutic potential of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide\/GLP-1 (GIP\/GLP-1) receptor agonists extends beyond the regulation of glycemia, including glucometabolic, cardiovascular, and renal effects, rendering them viable candidates, due to their mechanisms of action, for the possible treatment of respiratory disorders. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the evidence on potential direct (cellular) and indirect (metabolic) actions of GLP-1 and GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists within the pulmonary systems. In addition, it examines their efficacy in addressing prevalent respiratory disorders, specifically chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumonia, obstructive sleep apnea, pulmonary hypertension, lung cancer, and lung transplantation. Finally, the manuscript seeks to identify potential avenues for further focused research in this field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60122030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T06:16:14Z","timestamp":1733724974000},"page":"2030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Potential Use of GLP-1 and GIP\/GLP-1 Receptor Agonists for Respiratory Disorders: Where Are We at?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7073-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miodrag","family":"Jani\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, PROMISE Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"\u0160krgat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9643-1934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matev\u017e","family":"Harlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Allergy, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojca","family":"Lunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6594-5254","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"Jane\u017e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0555-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Pantea Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"El-Tanani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, PROMISE Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfredi","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, PROMISE Department of Health Promotion Sciences Maternal and Infantile Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah P.O. Box 11172, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2023.108647","article-title":"GLP-1 and dual GIP\/GLP-1 receptor agonists in overweight\/obese patients for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: Where are we now?","volume":"37","author":"Muzurovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Complicat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2023.108553","article-title":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT2 inhibitors: The need to shed light on their safety risks real dimension and possible mechanisms","volume":"37","author":"Abreu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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