{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T11:13:53Z","timestamp":1784200433271,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Despite frequent references to the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Kazakhstan, a comprehensive synthesis of existing research on this issue among adults is lacking. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to address this gap by determining the mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Kazakhstan. A secondary objective is to evaluate whether the prevalence differs between healthy adults and those with chronic conditions. Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar by two independent researchers using the keywords: \u201cvitamin D\u201d AND \u201cKazakhstan\u201d, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies were included if they reported the prevalence of vitamin D in adults in Kazakhstan, defined as a blood level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D below 20 ng\/mL. Results: Seven studies were included in this review, encompassing 3616 individuals, of whom 2239 had vitamin D deficiency. Using a random-effects model, the pooled mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults with chronic conditions was 60% (95% CI, 38\u201379%), with high heterogeneity. Similarly, the analysis of five studies involving healthy adults revealed a pooled mean prevalence of 55% (95% CI, 38\u201370%), also with high heterogeneity. Overall, the pooled mean prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the adult population was 57% (95% CI, 45\u201369%). Conclusions: This analysis indicates a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among adults in Kazakhstan, with 57% of the population affected. Addressing this issue requires a multifaceted approach, including policy reforms that consider the impact of time zone changes on sunlight exposure and the active involvement of nurse practitioners in preventive strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60122043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T12:58:49Z","timestamp":1733921929000},"page":"2043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Adults in Kazakhstan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1796-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Indira","family":"Karibayeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Community Health, Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-2487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galiya","family":"Bilibayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aya","family":"Yerzhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4472-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roza","family":"Alekesheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assiya","family":"Iglikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5354-7007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Makhigul","family":"Maxudova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neilya","family":"Ussebayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050038, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00126","article-title":"Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions","volume":"40","author":"Bouillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. 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