{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T02:05:05Z","timestamp":1779933905759,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]],"date-time":"2024-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: In this study we analyzed the perceived effectiveness of cannabidiol (CBD) in adult women with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Materials and Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey which assessed disease severity and quality of life (QOL) in women with IBD (Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis) who used CBD versus those who did not. The survey included: the Harvey\u2013Bradshaw Index, Partial Mayo Score, Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire, Bristol Stool Scale, and the Prime Screen Short Food Frequency Questionnaire. CBD utilization practices were also examined. STROBE reporting outcomes were followed. Statistical methods included Pearson and Spearman\u2019s correlations and chi-square analyses. Results: Seventy-one (n = 71) women were included. Twenty-five (n = 25) were CBD users and forty-six (n = 46) were past\/never users. Most current users ingested CBD once per day (40%), acquired CBD from a dispensary (56%), and utilized an oral tincture (40%) at a dose of 25 mg or less (56%). There was no statistical association between CBD use and disease severity, quality of life (QOL), fecal consistency, or food intake. However, CBD users reported decreases in IBD-related pain and nausea (76% and 64%, respectively), and improvement in appetite (60%). Overall, disease severity and QOL were inversely correlated (past\/never users: p = 0.000, r = \u22120.544; current users: p = 0.042, r = \u22120.427). Conclusions: Women with IBD who use CBD insignificantly trended toward improved disease-related symptoms, appetite, and QOL compared to non-users. Disease severity and QOL were inversely associated, regardless of CBD use. These preliminary outcomes indicate the need for further research on CBD use in women with IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60122059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T06:48:39Z","timestamp":1734331719000},"page":"2059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Perceived Effectiveness of Cannabidiol on Adult Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Ayelet","family":"Portman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Bukovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice","family":"Bissex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Molly","family":"Flanagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, Norwich University, Northfield, VT 05663, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6117-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachele","family":"Pojednic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, College of Natural, Behavioral and Health Sciences, Simmons University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Health and Human Performance, Norwich University, Northfield, VT 05663, USA"},{"name":"Stanford Lifestyle Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2022, June 27). National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of Methodological Studies, 1971\u20132014, Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK519735\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Anonymous U.S. CBD Market Anticipated to Reach $20 Billion in Sales by 2024, BDSA. Available online: https:\/\/bdsa.com\/u-s-cbd-market-anticipated-to-reach-20-billion-in-sales-by-2024\/."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hryhorowicz, S., Kaczmarek-Ry\u015b, M., Zieli\u0144ska, A., Scott, R.J., S\u0142omski, R., and P\u0142awski, A. (2021). Endocannabinoid System as a Promising Therapeutic Target in Inflammatory Bowel Disease\u2014A Systematic Review. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.790803"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05712-8","article-title":"Cannabidiol: Pharmacology and therapeutic targets","volume":"238","author":"Britch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000736","article-title":"The impact of inflammatory bowel disease on women\u2019s lives","volume":"37","author":"Truta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"668","article-title":"Therapeutic Use of Cannabis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"12","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2016.0007","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Survey of Medical Cannabis Users: Patterns of Use and Perceived Efficacy","volume":"1","author":"Sexton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.04.034","article-title":"Cannabis induces a clinical response in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease: A prospective placebo-controlled study","volume":"11","author":"Naftali","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328349bb4c","article-title":"Cannabis use amongst patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"23","author":"Lal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000001474","article-title":"Prevalence and Patterns of Marijuana Use in Young Adults with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"64","author":"Phatak","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4540-z","article-title":"Low-Dose Cannabidiol Is Safe but Not Effective in the Treatment for Crohn\u2019s Disease, a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"62","author":"Naftali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy002","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Pilot Study of Cannabidiol-rich Botanical Extract in the Symptomatic Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"24","author":"Irving","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000435851.94391.37","article-title":"Marijuana use patterns among patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"19","author":"Courtwright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1159\/000504701","article-title":"Gender Differences in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"101","author":"Greuter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"MDCalc (2022, June 27). Harvey-Bradshaw Index (HBI) for Crohn\u2019s Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.mdcalc.com\/calc\/10069\/harvey-bradshaw-index-hbi-crohns-disease."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2022, June 20). Info MAYO|Partial. Available online: https:\/\/www.igibdscores.it\/en\/score-mayo-partial.php."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1571","article-title":"The Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire: A quality of life instrument for community physicians managing inflammatory bowel disease. CCRPT Investigators. Canadian Crohn\u2019s Relapse Prevention Trial","volume":"91","author":"Irvine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13746","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Bristol Stool Form Scale in healthy adults and patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Blake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN200061","article-title":"PrimeScreen, a brief dietary screening tool: Reproducibility and comparability with both a longer food frequency questionnaire and biomarkers","volume":"4","author":"Willett","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0387-1","article-title":"Cannabidiol as a Potential Treatment for Anxiety Disorders","volume":"12","author":"Blessing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01405-6","article-title":"Sex Bias in Cohorts Included in Sports Medicine Research","volume":"51","author":"Hagstrom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sports Med."}],"container-title":["Medicina"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/12\/2059\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:55:11Z","timestamp":1760115311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1648-9144\/60\/12\/2059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["medicina60122059"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina60122059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1648-9144"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1648-9144","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,14]]}}}