{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:34:11Z","timestamp":1792805651191,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research Foundation of Neurological Diseases"},{"name":"Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03nadks56","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medicina"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The disease can manifest and progress with both physical and cognitive symptoms, affecting the patient\u2019s daily activities. The aim of our study was to investigate the correlation between functional status, cognitive functions, and neurofilament light chain levels in plasma in MS patients. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, MS patients with a relapsing\u2013remitting course (according to McDonald\u2019s criteria, 2017) (n = 42) from Riga East University Hospital and a control group (n = 42) were included. In the MS group, the functional status was determined using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), and neurofilament light chain levels in plasma (pNfL) were detected using single molecule array (Simoa) technology. The symbol digit modalities test (SDMT), brief visuospatial memory test\u2014revised (BVMT-R), and the nine-hole peg test (9-HPT) were performed on the MS and control groups, dividing the groups by education level. Results: On the SDMT spreading speed, the MS group performed worse than the control group. The median score for the control group was 94.0, and for the MS group, it was 81.3. Slower performance on the SDMT also correlated with a higher EDSS in the MS group. Cognitive processing speed and memory were better in the control group and among individuals with higher education in both groups. For the BVMT-R, we found no difference between the two groups; both groups were able to learn the task equally well, but we found a weak correlation between age and learning in both groups, which could be related to the normal aging process. Execution reaction speed on the 9-HPT with the dominant hand was slower in the MS group (24.1 s) than in the control group (19.4 s). In the MS group, we observed a trend between SDMT performance and pNfL levels: higher pNfL levels were found in individuals who performed more slowly on the SDMT. Conclusions: Cognitive and fine motor dysfunction correlates with neurological impairment and plasma neurofilament light chain levels in MS patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61010070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]],"date-time":"2025-01-03T11:50:10Z","timestamp":1735905010000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Functional and Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Relapsing\u2013Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Cognitive Tests and Plasma Neurofilament Light Chain Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Elina","family":"Polunosika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga Stradin\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Simren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Molndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Molndal, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arta","family":"Akmene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikita","family":"Klimovskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradin\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj","family":"Blennow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Molndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Molndal, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8056-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daina","family":"Pastare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga Stradin\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Zetterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Molndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Molndal, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK"},{"name":"UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL, London WC1E 6BT, UK"},{"name":"Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China"},{"name":"Wisconsin Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53792, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3674-8822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renars","family":"Erts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Latvia, LV-1050 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9586-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guntis","family":"Karelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Infectology, Riga Stradin\u0161 University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, February 20). 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